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Pollution Science 101 – Ukraine – Part 1
Pollution Science 101 – Ukraine – Part 2
Pollution Science 101 – Ukraine – Part 3
Pollution Science 101 – Ukraine – Part 4
Pollution Science 101- Ukraine – Part 5
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Section 7: Uranium, Pesticides & Landfills
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Uranium mining and ore processing in Ukraine – radioecological effects on the Dnipro River water ecosystem and human health
2006
Abstract
Results on the ecological impact of radionuclides from a uranium tailing dump in Dniprodzerzhinsk (Ukraine) and from leaching of contaminated water from an ore processing tailing pond close to the town of Zhovti Vody into the rivers are presented. It appears that most of the former uranium mining and milling operations have been conducted without sufficient and adequate care for the environmental consequences. An inventory of the waste related to the uranium industry was carried out during the recent decade, however, a complete picture of the spatial and temporal dispersion of radioactive and chemical contaminants into the surrounding environment is not clear. Close to uranium tailing and mines, hydrometallurgical and chemical plants in the studied areas also produce fertilizer and wastes containing radioactive substances and may have an affect on the aquatic environment, creating in some cases rather high concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides in the river’s water and may constitute a risk to the population and environment. The highest levels of human exposure, which can be expected to be potentially received by inhabitants of settlements located on the banks of Zheltaya River are 0.10–0.15 mSv yr−1. For people who (hypothetically) consume water from the Konoplyanka River the dose is expected to be 0.01–0.05 mSv yr−1.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1569486005080149
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List of uranium projects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_uranium_projects
Uranium production is carried out in about 13 countries around the world, in 2017 producing a cumulative total of 59,462 tonnes of uranium (tU). The international producers were Kazakhstan (39%), Canada (22%), Australia (10%), Namibia (7.1%), Niger (5.8%), Russian Federation (4.9%), Uzbekistan (4.0%), China (3.2%), United States (1.6%), Ukraine (0.9%), India (0.7%), South Africa (0.5%) and Pakistan (0.1%). Since 2009 the in-situ leach (ISL) operations of Kazakhstan have been producing the largest share of world uranium.
The largest conventional uranium mines are Cigar Lake and McArthur River (Canada); Ranger and Olympic Dam (Australia); Krasnokamensk (Russia) and Rossing (Namibia). The largest uranium producers are Cameco, Rio Tinto, Areva, KazAtomProm and ARMZ-TVEL.
The production methods employed are conventional underground and open cast (50%) and in-situ leaching (50%). About 50 uranium production centers are operational.
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Ukraine aims to produce enough uranium for nuclear energy needs
December 29, 2021
https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/ukraine-aims-produce-enough-uranium-nuclear-energy-needs-2021-12-29/
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Ukraine / Gov’t Aims To Increase Uranium Production To Fully Cover Nuclear Needs
3 January 2022
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Ukrainian uranium mines shut down amidst protest wave, threatening radioactive contamination
10 December 2020
https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/12/11/ukr-d11.html
Three uranium mines have been shut down in the Kirovohrad region of central Ukraine over disputed payments between the state nuclear energy company Energoatom and the state-owned enterprise operating the mine, Eastern Mining and Processing.
As a result of the alleged nonpayment, approximately 5,000 miners have been placed on unpaid leave. They are still owed approximately $5 million in months of back pay. The shuttering of the mines could also lead to an ecological catastrophe if the mines lose power and water pumps fail to operate, creating a toxic mixture of radioactive uranium-contaminated groundwater that could spread throughout the vast river systems of central Ukraine.
Eastern Mining and Processing maintains that the government nuclear energy monopoly still owes it approximately $5 million to keep mining operations running and pay workers. Energoatom has, for its part, disputed the company’s allegations, stating that it had already paid $92.5 million to the company, according to the terms of an agreement signed last year.
As a state-owned monopoly, Energoatom is the country’s only buyer of uranium. The uranium is converted into nuclear fuel in Russia and then sent back for use in Ukraine’s nuclear power plants. Ukraine produced 801 tons of uranium last year, according to the World Nuclear Association.
Since the destruction of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine’s mines, which during the Soviet Union employed hundreds of thousands and provided dependable jobs, have been left to deteriorate into extremely dangerous conditions. Agreed upon contracts are routinely violated by management, and workers in both the private and public sectors can go months without pay. According to the Independent Miners Union of Ukraine, the situation has deteriorated to such a point that miners working at state-owned mines are now owed over $60 million in unpaid wages.
There are currently 148 mines in Ukraine, 102 of which operate under some form of government management. Sixty-seven of the state-owned mines are located in the separatist-occupied Donetsk region. As a result of the NATO-backed six-year-long civil war that has split the country and decimated the lives of thousands, Kiev was forced to begin importing coal in 2014, even though Ukraine is one of the world’s major coal producers.
While current President Volodymyr Zelensky came to power on promises of improving the country’s impoverished wages and crumbling industrial infrastructure, he has, in fact, accelerated the selloff and closure of Ukraine’s remaining state-owned mines.
According to plans discussed publicly by Ukraine’s Ministry of Energy, all of the country’s unprofitable mines are to be shut down or privatized by 2030. Of the 33 remaining operational coal mines in the country, just four are profitable, according to government statistics.
In October, Ukraine’s parliament approved a major part of Zelensky’s privatization push, which calls for the division of the country’s mines by profit level and their integration into a state-owned enterprise Centrenergo for subsequent selloff at auction. In November, the representative of the Ministry of Energy, Maxim Nemchinov, publicly stated that “… 15 of the 33 coal mines in operation today will be closed. The problem is quite serious.”
Zelensky’s privatization push and failure to resolve the low or outright unpaid wages plaguing Ukraine’s mining industry have been met with increased resistance and sit-down strikes from miners throughout the country.
This week alone, the now unemployed Kirovohrad miners headed to Kiev to protest in front of Zelensky’s presidential office, while miners participated in the occupation of mines over unpaid wages in both Eastern and Western Ukraine. In L’viv, a city in Western Ukraine, 75 miners at the Lisova coal mine have occupied the mine and are refusing to leave until they are paid over $2 million in back wages…
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Exposure and Radiation Protection of Uranium Mine Personnel
23.06.2021
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Last uranium mines in Europe shut down over insufficient funding
December 08, 2020
(Kitco News) – Local media reported yesterday that all three uranium mines in Ukraine have been shut down due to insufficient funding. These mines are the last commercial producers of uranium in Europe.
In the state-owned uranium shafts in the Kirovohrad area, only the essential services for ventilation, pumping and water treatment are working. Around 5000 workers were placed on unpaid leave.
The reason for the shutdown is debt of the state company Energoatom amounting to the equivalent of four million euros. Energoatom is the only buyer of uranium in Ukraine.
For a long time there had been wage arrears and a lack of protective clothing, equipment and even explosives.
Trade union representatives also fear about potential power cuts due to unpaid bills.
This means that water that penetrates into the area could no longer be pumped out and the area’s groundwater could become radioactively contaminated.
According to the World Nuclear Association, Ukraine produced 801 tonnes of uranium metal in 2019…
____________________________Fears Australian uranium could be seized by Russia for nuclear weapons arsenal
March 9, 2022
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Ukraine bets on uranium for energy independence
07 January 2022
https://www.miningmagazine.com/underground-mining/news/1424196/ukraine-bets-on-uranium-for-energy-independence
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Ukrainian ministry meets to discuss uranium production suspension
09 December 2020
https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Ukrainian-ministry-holds-meeting-as-uranium-produc
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Will the Russian war spur the North Shore Global Uranium Mining ETF?
08 Mar 2022
https://www.cmcmarkets.com/en-au/opto/will-the-russian-war-spur-the-north-shore-global-uranium-mining-etf
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Russia-focused miners collapse on Ukraine invasion
February 24, 2022
https://www.mining.com/russia-focused-miners-collapse-on-ukraine-invasion/
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What Are The Major Natural Resources Of Ukraine?
June 10 2019
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-major-natural-resources-of-ukraine.html
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The Production of Uranium Ore Is Growing Rapidly in Ukraine
January 1, 2022
https://www.stalkerzone.org/the-production-of-uranium-ore-is-growing-rapidly-in-ukraine/
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Depleted uranium dioxide melting in cold crucible melter and production of granules from the melt for use in casks for spent nuclear fuel and radioactive wastes
2007-07-01
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Germany is closing all its nuclear power plants. Now it must find a place to bury the deadly waste for 1 million years
November 30, 2019
https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/30/europe/germany-nuclear-waste-grm-intl/index.html
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Germany shipping depleted uranium to Russia
25.10.2019
Depleted uranium from a German enrichment plant is being shipped to Russia for reprocessing. A local politician has sounded the alarm, calling for a halt to the shipments and saying the plant itself should be closed.
https://www.dw.com/en/germany-shipping-depleted-uranium-to-russia/a-50995522
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Germany’s uranium export to Russia may have violated EU law
9 October 2020
https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/eu-affairs/134959/uranium-germany-russia-eu-sanctions-european-union-military-nuclear-heiko-maas-sylvia-kotting-uhl-oliver-kirschner-european-commission
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Russia resumes importing depleted uranium from Germany, breaching old promises
November 1, 2019
Environmental groups have voiced concern that Russia is again accepting shipments of uranium tails, a byproduct formed when uranium is enriched, from a German nuclear fuel firm, reigniting a debate over whether the substance meets the definition of nuclear waste.
https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2019-11-russia-resumes-importing-uranium-depleted-uranium-from-germany-breaching-old-promises
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CERN, Home of the Large Hadron Collider, Will Halt Collaborations With Russia
Mar 7, 2022
https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a39357551/ukrainian-scientists-call-for-russian-ban-from-cern/
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Uranium mining by country
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining_by_country
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List of countries by uranium production
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_uranium_production
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New Uranium Mining Projects – Ukraine
July 17, 2019
The following companies are performing uranium prospection and/or exploration in Ukraine: Vostochny Uranium Ore Mining, Kaboko Mining Ltd (formerly Uran Ltd), Karoo Exploration Corp. (?), Star Minerals Group Ltd.
General
Areva wants to mine uranium in Ukraine
The nuclear group Areva plans to produce uranium in Ukraine in cooperation with the Ukrainian company VostGOK, Sergei Korolev, Areva representative in Ukraine announced Tuesday (Dec. 16) in Kiev. “For the moment, there are no concrete plans, but we are considering the possibility (to launch joint uranium production).” Korolev said. (RIA Novosti Dec. 17, 2014)
Ukraine to increase uranium production above 1000 t in 2011
Ukraine plans to increase uranium production above 1000 t in 2011. The increase is to be supplied by “industrial scale” mines in the Kirovograd and Dnipropetrovsk regions. (NRCU July 1, 2011)
Ukraine seeks to increase uranium production to supply reactors with its own uranium
Ukraine is seeking to supply its nuclear reactors with uranium mined in the country from 2015, Deputy Fuel and Energy Minister Natalia Shumkova said. Ukraine aims to increase uranium production to 5,000 metric tons a year in 2020 and 6,000 tons in 2030, from 830 tons, Shumkova said at a conference in Kiev today. The eastern European country needs to invest 9.9 billion hryvnia ($1.25 billion) in uranium output through 2013, she said. (Kyiv Post June 26, 2010)
Ukraine wants uranium cooperation with Russia
Ukraine wants to cooperate with Russia in the mining and processing of uranium. President Victor Yushchenko ordered the drafting of a related government agreement with Russia. (RIA Novosti Aug. 27, 2009)
South Korea and Ukraine sign agreement on nuclear cooperation and development of uranium deposits
A memorandum of understanding covering issues related to nuclear power and development of uranium deposits has been agreed between South Korea and Ukraine on June 25, 2007. The agreement particularly deals with information and technology exchange. (WNN June 28, 2007)
Ukraine to achieve self-sufficiency in uranium by 2013
Ukraine is planning to become self-dependent in terms of uranium supplies for its operating nuclear power plants by boosting annual production of this metal from the current 800 tonnes to 2,500 tonnes between 2007 and 2013, the republic’s Fuel and Energy Ministry told RBC. The target is to reach an output level of 5,900 tonnes of uranium per year in 2014-2025, and 6,400 per year in 2025-2030. (RBC June 15, 2007)
Ukraine to double uranium production by 2010; five-fold increase envisaged by 2020
Ukrainian state company Vostochny Uranium Ore Mining (Vostochny GOK, Dnipropetrovsk region) plans to boost uranium output 120% between 2006 and 2010, increasing the level of uranium it provides to Ukrainian nuclear power stations to 71% from 32%. Pyotr Kuch, a senior engineer at Vostochny GOK, announced the forecast at a nuclear fuel cycle elements conference in Dniprodzerzhynsk. “The long-term uranium production plan envisages an almost five-fold increase in 2020 with the approval of the Novokonstantinovskoye uranium field project,” he said. Improving the Novokonstantinovskoye field project could mean a 520% increase in production, which will meet Ukrainian nuclear power requirements and enable uranium to be exported, he added.
However, due to insufficient state budget funding, it will be necessary to raise off-budget funds. (Interfax Mar 21, 2006)
Ukraine could export natural uranium
Ukraine has the capability to export natural uranium, provided the financing is assured. Ukraine has prospects to provide 100% of its own uranium needs (rather than only 34.5% at present), and to export its surpluses, according to Minister Sergey Yermilov. While until last year, the market prices of natural uranium were below the production cost in Ukraine, there now already are orders for the purchase of natural uranium, for which capacities should be developed. (Ukraine Ministry of Fuel and Energy, Dec. 2, 2003)
Ukraine trebles uranium production
In April 1995, the Ukrainian government approved a nuclear fuel industry plan, scheduling a threefold increase of uranium production by the year 2003.
At present, uranium is being mined in the Ingul’skii and Vatutinskii mines near Kirovograd. The ore is processed in the Zholtiye Vody and Dniprodzerzhynsk mills. There is no official data available on the Ukrainian uranium production. The OECD estimate for the production in 1992 is 1000 tonnes of uranium.
Novokonstantinovskoye project, Kirovograd Region
> View more recent issues
China interested in investing in Novokonstantinovskoye uranium mine: China is ready to participate in the construction of facilities for nuclear fuel production in Ukraine, the press service of the Energy and Coal Industry Ministry of Ukraine reported following the talks within the framework of the One Belt, One Road forum in Beijing. “China has expressed interest in the joint implementation of the investment project based at the mine, which is being constructed at the Novokostiantynivske uranium ore deposit, and is ready to take part in the construction of production facilities in Ukraine to manufacture fuel assemblies for Ukrainian nuclear power plants,” the press service said. (Interfax May 15, 2017)
No uranium mill planned for Novokonstantinovskoye mine: Director General of Skhidny ore mining and processing enterprise, Oleksandr Sorokin said that the enterprise does not plan to build a hydrometallurgical plant near the Novokostiantynivske uranium field (Kirovohrad region), but it plans to build a heap leaching facility. “The idea is the following: high grade concentrate will be shipped to Zhovti Vody, and one third of extracted concentrate [from the Novokostiantynivske uranium field] will be processed at the heap leaching facility here, so one third of uranium will be produced here,” he said. Sorokin added that industrial waste will be deposited back to the depth of the mining. (Interfax Jul. 8, 2011)
> See also: Ukraine plans reconstruction of Zhovti Vody uranium mill
Ukraine starts commercial mining of uranium at Novokonstantinovskoye field: The Eastern mining-and-processing integrated works (Zhovti Vody, Dnipropetrovsk region) has started commercial mining of uranium ore at the Novokonstantinovskoye field in Kirovohrad region, Ukrainian News has learned from a well-informed source. In his words, commercial mining began in June. A spokesman for the Eastern GOK confirmed this information to the agency, having specified that commercial development started on June 26.
Accompanying mining of uranium ore at the Novokonstantinovskoye field started in 2008. As Ukrainian News earlier reported, the integrated works has plans to make some 170 tons of uranium concentrate from the ore mined at the field in 2011. (Ukrainian News Agency July 4, 2011)
Ukraine plans to develop the Novokostiantynivske uranium field (Kirovohrad region) without Russia’s participation, Rosatom Director General Sergey Kiriyenko said. (Ukrainian Journal May 25, 2011)
Kiev is in talks with Moscow on joint uranium extraction in Ukraine, Prime Minister Mykola Azarov said Wednesday (July 28). “We have been holding and are holding very serious talks with Russia on construction of a plant” at the Novokonstantinovskoye uranium deposit in the Kryvyi Rih region of central Ukraine, Azarov said. (Moscow Times July 29, 2010)
Ukrainian President confirms ban on privatization of Novokostiantynivske uranium ore field: Ukrainian President Victor Yushchenko has signed a law putting the Novokostiantynivske uranium ore field onto the list of state companies that are not subject to privatization, reads a Dec. 1 posting on the president’s Web site. The law on amendments to the law on the list of statement-run companies that are not subject to privatization was adopted by the Ukrainian parliament on Oct. 21 and comes into effect from the moment of its publication. (Kyiv Post Dec. 1, 2009)
The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has endorsed the Nuclear Fuel of Ukraine state program, says Natalia Shumkova, deputy minister of fuel and energy. She says in 2009 – 2013 it is planned to build on the basis of the Novokostiantyniv deposit a hydrometallurgical plant for the processing of uranium ore with a waste storage, launch the production of fuel assemblies, and create a full cycle of zirconium production, including production of tubular steel. In April 2008, the government set up the Nuclear Fuel concern based on the Eastern ore mining and dressing plant, the Novokostiantyniv uranium mine, state-run company Smoly, the Dnipropetrovsk works of precision pipes, and the Ukrainian scientific research, design and exploration institute of industrial technologies. (NRCU Sep. 25, 2009)
Ukraine is to begin operating an industrial unit to develop the Novokonstantinovskoye uranium ore deposit with Russia’s corporate participation primarily to secure the needs of domestic nuclear power plants. The move is envisioned as an revised version of a development strategy for Ukraine’s atomic energy sector for the period until 2030. It has already been submitted to the government for consideration. The document envisions starting to develop the lower levels and continuing to develop the Vatutinsky and Michurinsky uranium deposits and other such fields with the corporate participation of domestic and foreign investors primarily to replenish the state reserves of uranium concentrate and to sell excess amounts. (Interfax Aug. 20, 2007)
Ukraine has decided to begin development of the Novokonstantinovskoye uranium field in the Kirovograd Region, according to the regional administration’s press office. More than USD 280 million has already been allocated for the purpose, the office said.
At the same time, local environmentalists have questioned the wisdom of the go-ahead, pointing to extremely high numbers of oncology cases associated with the uranium deposits. They are demanding that the region be declared an ecological disaster area. (ROSBALT March 30, 2004)
Surskoye, Gurevskoye uranium deposits (ISL), Dnipropetrovsk region
On Dec. 18, 2006, Uran Limited announced that it has entered into an agreement with The Department of Fuel and Energy of the Ukraine 
http://www.wise-uranium.org/upua.html
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Will the Russian war spur the North Shore Global Uranium Mining ETF?
07 Mar 2022
https://www.cmcmarkets.com/en/opto/will-the-russian-war-spur-the-north-shore-global-uranium-mining-etf
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12+ of the Most Radioactive Places on Earth
Jan 17, 2021
https://interestingengineering.com/12-of-the-most-radioactive-places-on-earth
1. Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant, Japan is one of the world’s most radioactive places
2. Chernobyl, Pripyat, Ukraine is also pretty radiated
3. The Polygon, Semiplataninsk, Kazakhstan is another radiation polluted area
4. Another radiation zone to avoid is the Hanford Site, Washington, USA
5. The Siberian Chemical Combine, Seversk, Russia is another place with high levels of radiation
6. Zapadnyi Mining and Chemical Combine, Mailuu-Suu, Kyrgyzstan
7. The Somali Coast is another of the world’s most radiation polluted areas
8. Instituto Goiano de Radioterapia, Goias, Brazil is another dangerous radiation zone
9. Sellafield, United Kingdom is another of the world’s most radioactive places
10. Mayak, Russia is another place with high levels of radiation
11. BOMARC Site RW-01, The McGuire Air Force Base, Burlington County, New Jersey is also very irradiated
12. Church Rock Uranium Mill, Church Rock, New Mexico is another radiation polluted area
13. Fort d’Aubervilliers, Paris is another very toxic places
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Toxic risk as missiles strike Ukraine’s biggest chemical plant
11th August 2014
As the warring parties fight for control for Donetsk, the country’s biggest chemical plant has come under fire, with missiles landing close to pipelines and storage tanks. If released, toxic nitrochlorobenzene could cause widespread death.
https://theecologist.org/2014/aug/11/toxic-risk-missiles-strike-ukraines-biggest-chemical-plant
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A forgotten Cold War relic in Ukraine still crackles with lethal radiation
February 14, 2022
https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2022-02-a-forgotten-cold-war-relic-in-ukraine-still-crackles-with-lethal-radiation
In November, Bellona was given the unique opportunity to visit what used to be one of the most secret places in the Soviet Union — the Pridniprovskyi Chemical Plant in central Ukraine. Formerly the cradle of the Soviet nuclear weapons industry, the site was shut down 30 years ago. Today, the poorly secured artifact is the most radioactive place in Europe. This is the first in a periodic series of articles Bellona will publish about the site.
The fall of a Soviet uranium plant –– the rise of a radiation crisis
Decades later, in 1991, it would fall to Polevoi to liquidate the entire place –– a monumental job that’s been left largely undone in the years since.
Now the site occupies a sort of derelict industrial limbo. Its structures are dilapidated, swallowed by weeds and mostly abandoned. But it sizzles with lethal radiation hotspots, many reaching levels as high as 4.4 millisieverts an hour — a dosage exceeding Ukrainian norms by 220 times. Radiation professionals would only be allowed to work in such conditions for a bare five hours a year.
It was a limping industrial death, Polevoi recalls. The late stages of Gorbachev’s Perestroika saw salaries at the plant shrivel. Eventually, when the money ran out, the plant administration paid workers in the non-radioactive metals that the site produced, hoping those could be traded for food. By the time Gorbachev resigned it was clear that the days of the Pridniprovskyi plant – and the way of life it supported – were numbered.
“The plan disintegrated because the Soviet Union disintegrated,” said Polevoi. “The economy got skewed and the factory ceased to exist. “
What now remains of the Pridniprovskyi Chemical Plant constitutes Europe’s biggest radioactive mess. Located near the banks of the Dnepr River, the plant site is wedged between two other Soviet-era industrial behemoths, one a metallurgy plant and the other a nitrogen producing facility for fertilizer. The landscape is one of blight exhausted by Soviet excess, and the city’s tap water has long been off-limits.
Since 2016, Dneprodzerzhinsk has been known by its pre-Soviet name of Kamianske, but it still maintains a monument to former Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev, the town’s most famous native son.
As the Soviet Union unraveled, the Pridniprovskyi plant fell into Ukraine’s newly-independent hands as a sort of toxic parting gift –– and there weren’t any guidebooks on how to clean it up. In fact, most of the technical documentation that would be useful to the remediation effort was taken back to Moscow, where it now sits in nuclear archives under top-secret lock and key.
An uncertain course
Yury Tkachenko, a Ukrainian expert who works with the European Commission to devise remediation measures at the plant, says that the site holds 15 times more radioactive waste than is found within the rubble of Chernobyl’s No 4 reactor, which exploded in 1986.
But while billions of dollars in funding from abroad have been poured into mitigating that more infamous disaster, the dangers at the Pridniprovksyi plant, just a few hours by rail to Chernobyl’s south, have been largely overlooked.
Much of Pridniprovskyi’s waste lies in the open air, wholly unshielded from humans and the surrounding environment. Some of that is marked off by fencing that gives little indication of what it encloses –– and what fencing there is contains gaps wide enough for a person to easily slip through.
In other places at the site, long neglected waste from uranium processing –– called uranium tailings –– emits toxic gasses and leaks into ground water and waterways, or becomes radioactive dust carried by seasonal winds.
What’s more is that several kilometers around these tailings site are marked with no fencing at all, meaning anyone can wander into areas contaminated with searing radiation –– and carry anything they might want out, as many times has been the case.
Indeed, there isn’t much to distinguish these sites from any other barren field. Only with the aid of a Geiger counter can someone ascertain that he’s standing in the middle of a radiation hot spot.
Combined, the Pridnieprovskyi plant’s five tailings sites contain more than 40 million tons of solid radioactive waste. Protective coverings over these sites are virtually nonexistent. Tkachenko says that, by international practice, they should be covered by a sort of sandwich of geotextiles, clay and soils at least 5 meters thick.
These sites are held together by dams and dikes whose status is precarious. Surrounding it all is the Dnepr River — one of central Europe’s most important waterways — and several of its tributaries, all of which are at risk of contamination from an avalanche of radioactive sludge should those dikes fail.
For the past three decades, the Pridniprovskyi site has been only irregularly tended, with Ukrainian government efforts aimed at its cleanup both insufficient and poorly funded. Foreign governments have tried to pitch in, but their efforts are focused only on urgent problems. While these efforts help stabilize the radiation situation, they don’t solve the problem as a whole.
The burden of securing the radiation dangers on the territory of the plant has fallen on the shoulders of an underfunded outfit named Barrier, whose 20 specialists haven’t been paid by the state for months. They patrol the site daily taking radiation measurements but can do little else. With what little funding that does come, the most they can do is draw up piecemeal projects to tamp down the dangers in the hopes that more funding will someday arrive.
One of the Pridniprovsky Plant’s five uranium tailings storage areas, kilometers of which have no fencing.
The result is a patchwork of quick fixes performed by a shifting cast of government contractors operating with little coordination. None of these efforts have served to make this enormous Cold War castoff any safer.
To make matters worse, the Pridnieprovskyi factory is having a hard time keeping the contamination to itself. Though the territory of the plant had robust radiation detection and decontamination points during its Soviet heyday, none of those have survived into its present state of decay. Now, there are only a handful of detection points, none of which are equipped for decontamination, and none of them were functional when Bellona toured the site late last year.
This almost certainly means that those working within the confines of the plant are bearing contamination home with them on a daily basis, and that trucks and other vehicles that visit the site are spreading that contamination even further afield.
The curse of private enterprise
And in a curious twist particular to Ukraine, the site itself holds more than two dozen private companies that are operating in the midst of the radiation emergency.
In 2007, when the Pridnieprovskyi Chemical Plant officially went bankrupt, parts of the site were auctioned off to more than two dozen private businesses on the cheap. These companies, dealing mostly in fertilizers, paints, roofing tar and building equipment — and which employ 1,000 or so workers –– now stand wedged among some of the most contaminated structures of the old plant: metallurgy workshops where uranium was extracted from ore with strong acids or smelted in blast furnaces, their brick walls suffused with radiation.
According to Denis Mikitas, deputy director of Barrier, one helpful step the Ukrainian government could take toward solving the site’s radiation problems would be to declare it an exclusion zone — similar to what was done with the area immediately surrounding Chernobyl — which would close the area off in the interest of public safety.
In wake of that better-known disaster, Soviet authorities permanently depopulated some 2,600 kilometers of territory contaminated by the reactor explosion, thereby isolating the radioactive particles that had penetrated the soil and foliage and laid within the remains of the worker’s city of Pripyat.
But in Ukraine’s post-Soviet efforts to embrace western economic principles, lawmakers overcooked legislation on private property, making such a takeover of former plant territory — even on grounds of mitigating a radiation hazard –– impossible because of the private organizations operating within it.
How bad things are for those private businesses is hard to say, says Mikitas. Ukrainian state radiation authorities have never really bothered to inspect them or implement any monitoring because it’s too much trouble. All the while, those that work for these firms are exposed on a each workday to high levels of radiation.
“There is no civilized, normal decontamination here,” said Tkachenko. “People come in clean and leave dirty, and then wander wherever.”
Brighter beginnings
The possibilities of the Pridniprovskyi Chemical Plant were trumpeted in a 1947 letter to Joseph Stalin from Lavrenti Beria, the sadistic head of the Soviet secret police, who was also charged with developing a response to the US nuclear threat.
Beria was insistent that Ukraine’s ores would fit the bill. Reporting to Stalin on the first tasks of the newly minted Plant No. 906 –– as the Prindniprovskyi plant was initially called –– he wrote that the site would be capable of pushing out 100 tons of uranium at 40 percent concentration per year.
The plant opened in 1948 to work the ores of the Pervomaisky mine in the Kryvyi Rih basin, tucked about two hours to the west of a bend in the Dnepr River. In the fever to match the firepower unleashed on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it was thought that that Pervomaisky’s yellowish minerals might contain strains of uranium that could be enriched to levels high enough to be used in a nuclear weapon.
It was Gulag prisoners who did the bulk of the labor to build the plant, but they were offered a deal: For every one day they worked building the plant, their sentences would be reduced by three days. As a result, the plant was built in record time, displacing an entire village that stood in its way.
Over time, the plant began to work with more ores from different regions — East Germany, Romania, Hungary, Kazakhstan, each requiring separate technologies ranging from chemical separation to smelting. At the end of these processes, they would be left with yellowcake, the main building block of both weapons uranium and nuclear fuel.
Eventually, the Pridniprovskyi plant’s output of yellowcake surpassed Beria’s expectations. Production boomed, and at its height it produced the uranium used in 65 percent of all Soviet nuclear weapons.
“Our uranium trains went all over Russia, and right in the middle of each was a car with armed guards” said Polevoi. “This raw uranium was transported to Russia for enrichment. In centrifuges, the Russians separated out the uranium 235 and uranium 238 and enriched it — with a 5 percent enrichment you get nuclear fuel, but for atomic bombs you needed 40 percent.”
The environment didn’t figure into the plans
As recounted in a memoir by Yury Korovin, a former director of the Pridniprovskyi plant, there was little understanding of the radiation hazards inherent in the work the plant was doing, much less any efforts to guard the local population from them. Indeed, it wasn’t until 1960 that the Soviet Union adopted its first sanitary rules for handling radioactive substances.
In one instance, a powerful smelting furnace that was integral to work not only at the Pridniprovskyi plant, but the neighboring metallurgy factory as well, was found to have released radioactive elements into city air. It was nonetheless honored with the Stalin Prize for science and engineering.
The furnace was eventually dismantled in 1982 and was buried at the Pridniprovskyi plant’s Sukhachevskoye uranium tailings site — an area crackling with high levels of radiation when Bellona toured it in November.
Yet, over the years, contamination became commonplace — as did the secrecy surrounding it.
“The engineering and technical workers of middle and lower ranks didn’t know – and didn’t have the right to know – what ores they were working with,” Grigory Olenchenko, a veteran of the Pridniprovskyi plant, wrote in his own memoir about working there. “There were constant spills and overflows of radioactive pulp in the workshop: the levels (of pulp) in the apparatuses were regulated by hand.”
And the dangers were long well known to the state. Olenchenko sites a study by the Soviet occupational health and diseases ministry from as far back as 1953, which reported that radioactive contamination throughout the Pridniprovskyi site was more or less general and all encompassing.
“Dust in workplaces was radioactive at levels 200 to 300 times normal levels,” Olenchenko wrote, citing the study. “Radon content in the air was 35 times normal; contamination on hands, bodies and overalls (of workers) was 130 to 300 times normal levels.”
But it would be decades before any of this became common knowledge. Plant doctors were themselves sworn to secrecy about what they observed among the workers they were supposed to examine and care for. To cement that approach, Olenchenko writes, Soviet authorities established a firewall between plant medical staff and the administration, ensuring that the illnesses doctors observed were to go unreported so as not to alter the uranium production process.
“Knowing now under what conditions decisions about uranium mining were made, it is clear that there was no discussion of any kind of environmental concerns,” writes Korovin in his memoir.
What needs to be done now
The past several years have seen small radiation safety projects funded by the European Union, Norway and Sweden. The European Commission, for its part, maintains an ongoing presence at the site through the specially established subdivision called the Joint Support Office in Kyiv.
But Tkachenko. says the Ukrainian government needs to develop a more robust response to the problem in order for international funders to take it more seriously.
At present, what remediation projects Kyiv has mounted have all been overseen by the Ukrainian governments Ministry of Energy, which Tkachenko asserts is a poor match for overseeing radiation safety projects.
“The folks there don’t have a good grasp of what’s at stake,” he said. “Whatever funding they do devote to cleanup at the Pridniprovskyi site usually ends up being diverted to other projects.”
A better fit, he says, would be the Environmental Ministry, whose representative have a better technical understanding of the problems the site faces, and have more authority to develop long term strategies for its remediation. But shifting the site from the purview of one ministry to the other would be a Herculean bureaucratic task.
Over the last few weeks, the uncertain fate of the Pridniprovsky plant has become even more complicated as Russian troops apply presure along Ukraine’s eastern border and Belarussian borders. In that sense Moscow’s parting gift to the newly-independent Ukraine back in 1991 may again become Russia’s issue to solve — if Russia could solve it at all.
But regardless of how the coming weeks unfold, the Pridniprovskyi Chemical Plant will remain somebody’s problem.
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Alert: Ukraine chemical time bomb; warning to Putin and the Ukraine military
February 26, 2022
https://www.sgtreport.com/2022/02/alert-ukraine-chemical-time-bomb-warning-to-putin-and-the-ukraine-military/
THERE ARE MANY STORAGE DEPOTS ALL OVER THE UKRAINE, WHERE DANGEROUS AND BANNED PESTICIDES HAVE BEEN KEPT BADLY FOR YEARS.
Bombing and shelling that happens to strike these depots would cause devastating consequences.
In 2009 (see also here), I researched the problem of pesticides in the Ukraine. Use is not the only issue; so is storage. And the scope and danger are huge.
Here is what I found:
TRUTH LIVES on at https://sgtreport.tv/
Tamara Gurzhiy, “Expired and prohibited pesticides problem in Ukraine,” Independent Agency for Ecological Information, Kharkiv, Ukraine (English translation):
“Twenty thousand to 25,000 t [tons] of expired or prohibited pesticides are stored on 4,000 Ukrainian depots. This is a serious threat for people and environment. Arsenic compounds are highly toxic for cattle. Death comes within several hours…Majority of pesticide depots were not designed for long-term usage. Chemicals are stolen and illegally sold to people. Depots’ roofs collapsed over the time, pesticides’ wrapping gets [out of] of order, pesticides of different nature may become [a] catalyst of spontaneous chemical reactions with unpredictable results. Spontaneous fire may spread toxins on a wide area. Utilization of expired and prohibited pesticides is Ukrainian national problem.”
Indeed, there was a fire in 2009.
Simferopol, October 17 (Interfax-Ukraine): “A storehouse with pesticide in Dzhankoi (Crimea) is on fire…around 200 tonnes of pesticide and magnesium chloride…around 40 tonnes of pesticide was taken from the storehouse…” How extensive were the toxic clouds? Was this the real reason for fake 2009 reports of a million people ill in the Ukraine with Swine Flu?
“BRNO, Czech Republic, Sept. 23, 2009 /CNW/ – According to Milieukontakts Partner IHPA (the International HCH and Pesticides Association) the health of at least 7 million inhabitants in Moldavia and Ukraine is seriously threatened by a stock of old pesticides. IHPA calls for fast EU action to disarm this ‘biggest chemical time bomb of Europe’.”
“…[in] the former Kalush factory in the west of Ukraine there is a stock of no less than 10,000 tonnes of superfluous Hexachlorobenzene (HCB). It’s particularly the positioning along the Dniester river that makes the situation extremely hazardous: a single flood and the high concentrations of poison would pollute the natural habitat of some 7 million people in the west of Ukraine and Moldavia.”
“In total, tens of millions of inhabitants in Europe, Central Asia and the former Soviet Union are being threatened by pesticides. In Ukraine alone there are 4,500 storage locations with more than 30,000 tonnes of old pesticides, a legacy from the Soviet era. The substances have been prohibited since 2001. As a rule the packaging only lasts five to ten years. If nothing happens in that time, then the substances could simply end up in the soil or in the water…”
Today (2/25/22) I looked for evidence that these horrendous problems in the Ukraine have been solved. So far, I haven’t found any. However, I did come across a 2020 study, “Environmental monitoring and recommendations on decreasing the levels of pesticide pollution in Zhytomyr region of Ukraine”:
“Environmental monitoring was conducted of facilities for storage and disposal of banned and unsuitable pesticides. Pesticide content in the soil, water, and products of agriculture in the Zhytomyr region of Ukraine was examined, and the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides by freshwater bivalve mollusks was assessed. Storage facilities of the Zhytomyr region contain nearly 392.18 t [tons] of pesticides in 137 warehouses, of which 11 meet the requirements, 36 are tolerable, and 90 are in poor condition…”
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The environmental costs of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine
Feb 25, 2022
“Fighting around these sites risks generating extreme toxic pollution.”
https://grist.org/international/environmental-costs-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/
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How Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine Harms The Environment
March 2022
https://www.onegreenplanet.org/environment/how-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-harms-the-environment/
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Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues
February 25, 2022
48 hours in and we are already seeing a pattern of environmental harm in Ukraine.
https://ceobs.org/ukraine-invasion-rapid-overview-of-environmental-issues/?s=04
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Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues
February 25, 2022http://ceobs.org/ukraine-invasion-rapid-overview-of-environmental-issues/
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On the verge of disaster: top 5 environmental problems in Ukraine
2019/11/03
Landfill in Kolomyya, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Almost every day, the media draws our attention to different environmental issues, such as global warming, climate change, melting icebergs, disappearing species, etc., but we should first stop and take a look around us, at our own country first, and highlight the biggest environmental threats in Ukraine, many of which could soon end in complete disaster.
According to the most negative environmental forecasts, in 20 years the steppe will reach Kyiv, in 50 years- the waters of the Dnipro River will decrease considerably, and in 100 years – Ukraine may be left without forests.
What is killing the environment in Ukraine? What can be done to counteract environmental degradation? Some questions and answers to consider…
Consequences of the Donbas war
Prior to the onset of the war, the Donetsk and Luhansk regions were home to some 4,500 environmentally hazardous enterprises. Between 2014 and 2017, companies in the region reported over 500 cases of operational disruptions and related incidents, many of which were classified as potentially harmful to human health and the environment.
Shelled apartment buildings in the war zone
The following list includes industrial facilities damaged during the armed hostilities that pose the greatest hazard for the environment: the Yasynivsky, Avdiyivka and Yenakiyevo Coke Plants, the Yenakiyevo, Makiyivka and Donetsk Metallurgical Plants, the Toretsk Ferroalloy Plant, the Alchevsk Metallurgical Complex, the Lysychansk Oil Refinery, the Donetsk State-Owned Chemical Plant, and the Sloviansk, Luhansk, Vuhlehirsk and Myronivka Thermal Power Stations.
In the course of the war, multiple reports have been received of damaged infrastructure and power outages at coal mines, leading to the shutdown of mine-water drainage systems, and in a number of cases, resulting in full-scale flooding in the mines. An OSCE report predicts the following:
“The continued large-scale flooding of area mines will inevitably result in both surface flooding and subsidence of the surrounding area, rendering buildings unusable, engineering and communication infrastructure – gas lines, sewage and water supply systems – inoperative, and polluting surface and groundwater with iron, chlorides, sulfates, other mineral salts and heavy metals.”
Damaged infrastructure and power outages at coal mines, leading to the shutdown of mine-water drainage systems, and in a number of cases, resulting in full-scale flooding in the mines. Photo: dn.gov.ua
The effects of this initial of destruction on the environmental protection system in the conflict area are plainly evident. Ecologists report that, with the onset of war, environmental activities in eastern Ukraine were virtually paralyzed.
The Donbas region has also been devastated by massive wildfires, endangering the ecosystem, forests and wildlife. The causes:
First, fires are often caused by incendiary ammunition.
Second, fires spread quickly as the grass burns, and cannot be extinguished due to the absence of fire equipment.
Third, to prevent the enemy from advancing, the warring parties set fire to environmentally valuable windbreak belts.
Kateryna Norenko, an analyst and environmentalist with Ecology-Law-Man, an international charity organization, explains the situation:
“In the first four months of the war, 20% of the occupied territory was devastated by fires. When we compared ignition points in different satellite images, we saw that in the dry season of 2014 there were 15 more fires than in the same season of 2013. This trend continues today.
The fires are destroying natural steppe communities in the Donbas, some of the best steppe areas in Ukraine, ancient pine forests that will be difficult to restore, entire territories of Ukraine’s nature reserve fund, including indigenous species of plants listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.”
Land and soil have been heavily impacted by the war. In the areas affected directly by the hostilities, the soil reveals systemically elevated concentrations of mercury, vanadium, cadmium and non-radioactive strontium, as well as gamma-radiation in excess of the respective values measured in areas unaffected by the fighting. Such dangerous substances can cause numerous diseases in humans and wildlife.
Damaged Seversky Donets-Donbas Canal. photo: 0624
Bullet-ridden canal in the Donbas. photo: 0624
Oleksiy Vasyliuk, head of a Ukrainian environmental group, concurs:
“In my opinion, the pollution from explosive weapons, especially Grad missiles, causes the most harm to the environment. Each explosion releases an enormous amount of toxic elements into the soil and atmosphere. Thus, these heavy metals accumulate in the human body, causing changes in the nervous and cardiovascular systems, autism, renal failure, metabolic disorders, and even fetal death.”
Eco-activists agree that soil contamination will continue until war activities cease completely. It is impossible to cultivate anything on such soil or consume food products grown on such terrain without preparing and implementing a land recultivation program.
“National Republic of Amber”
In terms of amber reserves, Ukraine ranks third in the world. Thus, amber represents one of the major subsoil resources of the northwestern regions of Rivne, Zhytomyr, and Volyn, what inhabitants call the “National Republic of Amber”. The “NRA” lives according to its own laws and regulations. It could bring huge benefits to the state budget, except that the vast majority of the extraction takes place illegally. About 90% of the amber escapes state control and is handled and smuggled abroad by criminal organizations with the support of local politicians and law enforcement agencies.
Illegal amber mining in Polissia
For example, in July 2017, NABU (National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine) published a report that led from regional officials to ex-MPs Boryslav Rosenblatt and Maksym Poliakov, who were part of the scheme at the state level – the so-called “krysha” (literally, roof). However, their guilt is still to be proved.
Uncontrolled exploitation and extraction methods have had an enormous impact on the regional ecosystem.
Since amber is a light stone situated between two and seven metres deep, the easiest method to extract it is to pump water into the ground and wait for the stones to come to the surface. Wild, uncontrolled deforestation, large craters dotting the landscape and drainage of local streams are stealing more and more space from lush pine and birch forests.
In 2015, President Petro Poroshenko reported that 90% of Ukrainian amber was being extracted illegally, and that these operations were “covered by local law enforcement agencies, the Prosecutor’s Office and the SBU”. He then ordered the police to “expose and eliminate these corrupt officials from office”. However, nothing was done…
Subsequently, the bill on amber licensing submitted to the Verkhovna Rada by PM Arseniy Yatseniuk was not approved. In 2018, PM Volodymyr Groysman declared that the government had very few real possibilities to regulate this question.
In early September 2019, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy instructed Prime Minister Oleksiy Honcharuk and Finance Minister Oksana Markarova to draft a bill to legalize amber production by October 1, and have it approved by December 1.
Moon-like craters caused by illegal amber mining in Volyn forests
Government intervention appears to be the only way to stop the slow, but progressive transformation of the local ecosystem in these regions. Illegal amber mining has damaged over 6,000 hectares of Ukrainian land. Unfortunately, given the level of corruption and the enormous criminal-economic interests connected to the illegal extraction of amber, this is easier said than done. Petro Tiestov, analyst with the international charity organization Ecology-Law-Man testifies:
“Due to illegal amber mining, natural forests and marshes are destroyed, local rivers and streams are polluted, the hydrological regime is changed, and the fertile soil layer is lost. Moreover, there is virtually no law enforcement or state presence in mining areas; local youngsters get used to earning large, but illegal salaries, and refuse to work in other jobs.
President Zelenskyy has registered a bill that increases penalties for illegal amber mining, and the government has introduced bills to simplify the mining process. However, it’s most important that all amber extraction projects undergo an environmental impact assessment. Otherwise, we’ll get more and more moon-like landscapes and the destruction of natural habitats will become totally legal.”
Illegal amber mining area. Photo: Ukrayinska Pravda
Homemade pump used to extract surface water and amber stones. Photo: Ukrayinska Pravda
Massive Deforestation
Forests cover 15.9% of Ukraine’s territory. Due to foreign demand, Ukrainian loggers and timber companies are illegally trafficking abroad entire trains and lorries of fir trees, earning millions and millions of dollars. Deforestation has dramatically intensified as Ukrainian lumber is exported massively to Western Europe.
Deforestation in Volyn. Photo: Volyn News
In recent years, the area of primeval forests has been dramatically decreasing in the Carpathians while 60% of Bukovyna’s forests, which are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, have been destroyed. The trees which protected the river banks from erosion by swollen rivers are no longer there, thus causing more natural disasters, more floods and drought.
A ten-year moratorium on the export of unprocessed timber (roundwood) was approved by the Verkhovna Rada in 2015, but this has not stopped illegal logging as EU demands for cheap timber increases annually. Moreover, rather than supporting the measure, the EU has sought to force the Ukrainian government to overturn the ban. The EU alleges that the ban contravenes the free-trade terms of its May 2015 €1.8 billion loan agreement with Ukraine, and has repeatedly withheld large tranches of that cash in order to try to force the Ukrainian government to overturn the moratorium.
Lorry carrying illegal timber in Kharkiv Oblast. Photo: National Police of Ukraine
In July 2018, a UK-based non-profit organization Earthsight published a damning report, Complicit in Corruption, confirming the sheer scale of corruption and illegality of Ukraine’s forestry sector. The report was welcomed by the Ukrainian Prime Minister, other top officials and local forest activists:
“The EU is by far the largest destination for Ukrainian wood exports, representing 70% of total production. EU purchases have been rising rapidly, breaking €1 billion in 2017…
The EU buyers of this wood include a number of billion-dollar firms, whose owners are among Europe’s wealthiest individuals. Though they are not themselves formally accused of wrongdoing, Earthsight found some of these giant companies are actually mentioned in ongoing criminal investigations of officials in Ukraine. One – Austrian firm Schweighofer, Europe’s second largest sawmiller – has even been specifically implicated in the corrupt scheme allegedly masterminded by the former forest chief. All of them continue to import large volumes of wood from state logging enterprises which are the subject of such investigations.
These companies supply products sold in the largest retail chains in Europe, including Homebase in the UK and Obi in Germany, HP copy paper on sale in branches of Staples and furniture sold by Ikea.”
Trash Chaos
The general public became fully aware of the waste management problem in May 2016 after a huge fire broke out at the Hrybovychi landfill (26 ha containing dangerous chemical and industrial waste-Ed) near Lviv, which led to the death of four employees and firefighters and caused a “trash crisis” in the city.
Hrybovychi landfill, Lviv Oblast. Photo: ZAXID.NET
The fire and tragic deaths provoked criticism of Andriy Sadovy, mayor of Lviv, from the Poroshenko camp, while Sadovy accused the central government, led by President Poroshenko and PM Groysman, of organizing a garbage blockade to put political pressure on him and his political party Samopomich. Poroshenko responded that in eleven years as mayor, Sadovy “could have built 15 such landfills and waste processing plants”.
The fire at Hrybovychi provoked an extensive debate on municipal and industrial waste management in Ukraine.
Ukrainians produce approximately 474 million tons of waste per year, of which 26 million tons are constituted by solid household and agricultural waste and 448 million tons are hazardous. Only around 3.2% of the waste in Ukraine is recycled while the rest is dumped at 6,000 official landfills and over 33,000 illegal waste disposal sites (data provided by the Ministry of Ecology, 2016).
Illegal garbage dump in Drohobych, Lviv Oblast. Photo: Drohobych City Council
Olha Melen-Zabramna, head of the Ecology-Law-Man Law Department underlines several arguments:
“Waste substances pollute the air, and can also leak into rivers and groundwater. Thus, heavy carcinogenic metals can be carried to local wells and reservoirs, thus increasing the risk of cancer among the local population. Uncontrolled incineration of waste can also cause cancer, and/or respiratory and cardiac diseases. Crops grown on land near a landfill will be inconsumable due to contamination by heavy metals and other hazardous substances.
However, the biggest hazard is due to exothermic reactions that cause materials in the landfills to spontaneously combust.
Fines and liability for violating environmental and waste legislation must be increased. Extended producer responsibility should also be introduced.
The manufacturer must be responsible for the entire life-cycle of the product and especially for the take-back, recycling and final disposal. This strategy operates effectively in most European countries. In addition, it is necessary to eliminate the old unauthorized landfills and build modern landfills that would cover the needs of several administrative territorial units.”
Ukraine has only one operating waste incinerator – Enerhiya – in Kyiv, which deals with 25% of all solid household waste produced by the capital’s residents. However, incinerators pollute the environment, and ash waste can potentially harm people’s health and the environment.
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Ecological Problems in Ukraine
http://dspace.nuft.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/123456789/15658/1/Cherniavska.pdf
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Environment in Ukraine – Problems and Challenges
https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2003/87-7972-725-5/html/helepubl_eng.htm
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Ukraine’s environmental policy
March 2000
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11868513.pdf
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THE MAIN PRINCIPLES (STRATEGY) OF THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF UKRAINE UNTIL 2020
https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/ua/ua-nbsap-v3-en.pdf
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Pollution in Ukraine
https://slidetodoc.com/pollution-in-ukraine-pollution-is-the-contamination-of/
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Geography of Ukraine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine
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Geography of Ukraine
March 05, 2022
https://wikimili.com/en/Geography_of_Ukraine
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Geology of Ukraine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Ukraine
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Demographics of Ukraine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine
The demographics of Ukraine include statistics on population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population of Ukraine.
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The Environmental Dimensions of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine
March 4, 2022
https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2022/03/environmental-dimensions-russian-invasion-ukraine/
____________________________Grappling with environmental risks in the fog of war
March 10, 2022
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Ukraine Environment – current issues
September 18, 2021
Environment – current issues: air and water pollution; land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl’ Nuclear Power Plant
Definition: This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry:
Acidification – the lowering of soil and water pH due to acid precipitation and deposition usually through precipitation; this process disrupts ecosystem nutrient flows and may kill freshwater fish and plants dependent on more neutral or alkaline conditions (see acid rain).
Acid rain – characterized as containing harmful levels of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide; acid rain is damaging and potentially deadly to the earth’s fragile ecosystems; acidity is measured using the pH scale where 7 is neutral, values greater than 7 are considered alkaline, and values below 5.6 are considered acid precipitation; note – a pH of 2.4 (the acidity of vinegar) has been measured in rainfall in New England.
Aerosol – a collection of airborne particles dispersed in a gas, smoke, or fog.
Afforestation – converting a bare or agricultural space by planting trees and plants; reforestation involves replanting trees on areas that have been cut or destroyed by fire.
Asbestos – a naturally occurring soft fibrous mineral commonly used in fireproofing materials and considered to be highly carcinogenic in particulate form.
Biodiversity – also biological diversity; the relative number of species, diverse in form and function, at the genetic, organism, community, and ecosystem level; loss of biodiversity reduces an ecosystem’s ability to recover from natural or man-induced disruption.
Bio-indicators – a plant or animal species whose presence, abundance, and health reveal the general condition of its habitat.
Biomass – the total weight or volume of living matter in a given area or volume.
Carbon cycle – the term used to describe the exchange of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere, and geological deposits.
Catchments – assemblages used to capture and retain rainwater and runoff; an important water management technique in areas with limited freshwater resources, such as Gibraltar.
DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane) – a colorless, odorless insecticide that has toxic effects on most animals; the use of DDT was banned in the US in 1972.
Defoliants – chemicals which cause plants to lose their leaves artificially; often used in agricultural practices for weed control, and may have detrimental impacts on human and ecosystem health.
Deforestation – the destruction of vast areas of forest (e.g., unsustainable forestry practices, agricultural and range land clearing, and the over exploitation of wood products for use as fuel) without planting new growth.
Desertification – the spread of desert-like conditions in arid or semi-arid areas, due to overgrazing, loss of agriculturally productive soils, or climate change.
Dredging – the practice of deepening an existing waterway; also, a technique used for collecting bottom-dwelling marine organisms (e.g., shellfish) or harvesting coral, often causing significant destruction of reef and ocean-floor ecosystems.
Drift-net fishing – done with a net, miles in extent, that is generally anchored to a boat and left to float with the tide; often results in an over harvesting and waste of large populations of non-commercial marine species (by-catch) by its effect of “sweeping the ocean clean.”
Ecosystems – ecological units comprised of complex communities of organisms and their specific environments.
Effluents – waste materials, such as smoke, sewage, or industrial waste which are released into the environment, subsequently polluting it.
Endangered species – a species that is threatened with extinction either by direct hunting or habitat destruction.
Freshwater – water with very low soluble mineral content; sources include lakes, streams, rivers, glaciers, and underground aquifers.
Greenhouse gas – a gas that”traps” infrared radiation in the lower atmosphere causing surface warming; water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Groundwater – water sources found below the surface of the earth often in naturally occurring reservoirs in permeable rock strata; the source for wells and natural springs.
Highlands Water Project – a series of dams constructed jointly by Lesotho and South Africa to redirect Lesotho’s abundant water supply into a rapidly growing area in South Africa; while it is the largest infrastructure project in southern Africa, it is also the most costly and controversial; objections to the project include claims that it forces people from their homes, submerges farmlands, and squanders economic resources.
Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) – represents the roughly 150,000 Inuits of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Russia in international environmental issues; a General Assembly convenes every three years to determine the focus of the ICC; the most current concerns are long-range transport of pollutants, sustainable development, and climate change.
Metallurgical plants – industries which specialize in the science, technology, and processing of metals; these plants produce highly concentrated and toxic wastes which can contribute to pollution of ground water and air when not properly disposed.
Noxious substances – injurious, very harmful to living beings.
Overgrazing – the grazing of animals on plant material faster than it can naturally regrow leading to the permanent loss of plant cover, a common effect of too many animals grazing limited range land.
Ozone shield – a layer of the atmosphere composed of ozone gas (O3) that resides approximately 25 miles above the Earth’s surface and absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation that can be harmful to living organisms.
Poaching – the illegal killing of animals or fish, a great concern with respect to endangered or threatened species.
Pollution – the contamination of a healthy environment by man-made waste.
Potable water – water that is drinkable, safe to be consumed.
Salination – the process through which fresh (drinkable) water becomes salt (undrinkable) water; hence, desalination is the reverse process; also involves the accumulation of salts in topsoil caused by evaporation of excessive irrigation water, a process that can eventually render soil incapable of supporting crops.
Siltation – occurs when water channels and reservoirs become clotted with silt and mud, a side effect of deforestation and soil erosion.
Slash-and-burn agriculture – a rotating cultivation technique in which trees are cut down and burned in order to clear land for temporary agriculture; the land is used until its productivity declines at which point a new plot is selected and the process repeats; this practice is sustainable while population levels are low and time is permitted for regrowth of natural vegetation; conversely, where these conditions do not exist, the practice can have disastrous consequences for the environment.
Soil degradation – damage to the land’s productive capacity because of poor agricultural practices such as the excessive use of pesticides or fertilizers, soil compaction from heavy equipment, or erosion of topsoil, eventually resulting in reduced ability to produce agricultural products.
Soil erosion – the removal of soil by the action of water or wind, compounded by poor agricultural practices, deforestation, overgrazing, and desertification.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation – a portion of the electromagnetic energy emitted by the sun and naturally filtered in the upper atmosphere by the ozone layer; UV radiation can be harmful to living organisms and has been linked to increasing rates of skin cancer in humans.
Waterborne diseases – those in which bacteria survive in, and are transmitted through, water; always a serious threat in areas with an untreated water supply.
https://www.indexmundi.com/ukraine/environment_current_issues.html
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War escalates environmental problems in Ukraine
Mar 3, 2022
https://inhabitat.com/war-escalates-environmental-problems-in-ukraine/
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The Russian invasion of Ukraine is causing an environmental crisis, and experts say it could take years to fully realize the impact
Mar 10, 2022
https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-invasion-ukraine-experts-say-cause-environment-crisis-2022-3?op=1
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Ukraine Is in an Environmental Crisis Too
Mar 3, 2022
Russia’s attack is literally tearing the country apart, polluting air and water. Ukrainians will suffer long after the conflict ends.
https://www.wired.com/story/ukraine-is-in-an-environmental-crisis-too/
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Fake pesticides, real problems: addressing Ukraine’s illegal and counterfeit pesticides problem
21 Dec 2018
https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/fake-pesticides-real-problems-addressing-ukraines-illegal-and-counterfeit
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Bee-harming pesticides exported from EU despite ban on outdoor use
Nov 2021
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/18/bee-harming-pesticides-exported-from-eu-after-ban-on-outdoor-use
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Production and use of highly hazardous pesticides in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan- trends and perspectives for transition to safe alternatives
May, 2020
https://ipen.org/site/production-and-use-HHPs-EECCA
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The problem of acute pesticide poisonings of agricultural workers in Ukraine under the conditions of the new business patterns
2019
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31175749/
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Country Survey of Highly Hazardous Pesticides in Ukraine
https://ipen.org/documents/country-survey-hhps-ukraine
____________________________
64% of Farmland at Risk of Pesticide Pollution – Revealed in Global Map of Agricultural Land Across 168 Countries
03.31. 2021
https://demo.lifeboat.com/blog/2021/03/64-of-farmland-at-risk-of-pesticide-pollution-revealed-in-global-map-of-agricultural-land-across-168-countries
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Legal regulation of pesticide and agrochemical use in Ukraine
February 16, 2022
https://dlf.ua/en/legal-regulation-of-pesticide-and-agrochemical-use-in-ukraine/
____________________________
ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF PESTICIDE USE IN UKRAINE
2017
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/199457761.pdf
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Phytoremediation of Soil Polluted with Obsolete Pesticides in Ukraine
2010
Abstract
The problem of disposal of obsolete pesticides in Ukraine has two aspects: utilization of bulk substances accumulated in storehouses and remediation of areas polluted with residual toxic compounds associated with these former pesticide storehouses. Soil contamination surrounding 11 former pesticide storehouses was investigated. In many cases, land around the former warehouses was not fenced or secured, which has increased the likelihood of contaminant exposure to local populations. Soil in these areas was found to contain residual metabolites of the persistent organic pollutant pesticide DDT and the pesticide lindane. Observed contaminants included 4,4′-DDT; 2,4′-DDT; 4,4′-DDE; 4,4′-DDD; α-HCH; β-HCH; and γ-HCH. Phytoremediation offers potential ecologically safe and economically viable alternative methods to restore these sites. Soil phytotoxicity might limit the success of phytotechnologies in some locations. To estimate the potential of phytoremediation of pesticide-contaminated soils, it will be necessary to check soil phytotoxicity. In this study, soil phytotoxicity was studied according to international and Ukrainian standards for determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora. This study demonstrated that phytoremediation of pesticide-contaminated soil using pesticide-tolerant wild plants offers a promising technology.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-3592-9_7
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Differences in classification for skin corrosion/irritation in EU and Ukraine: Case study of alternative (in vitro and in silico) methods application for classification of pesticide active ingredient imazamox
2019 May 14
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31100379/
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Toxic dermatitis outbreak in Ukraine
July 26, 2000
http://www.brama.com/news/press/000726promed.html
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LAW OF UKRAINE
of March 2, 1995 No. 86/95-BP
About pesticides and agrochemicals
(as amended on 30-06-2021)
https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=14382
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PESTICIDES AND AGROCHEMICALS REGISTRATION IN UKRAINE
https://www.msp.ua/state-registration-of-pesticides-ukraine.htm
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Ukraine: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
2013
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857094353500112
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Section 8: Water Pollution
___________________
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Ukraine: Reducing Pollution and Improving the Beaches of Odesa
November 9, 2017
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2017/11/09/reducing-pollution-and-improving-the-beaches-of-odessa
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WATER RESOURCES OF UKRAINE: USAGE, QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT (WITH DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ODESSA REGION)
22.04.2016
https://ena.lpnu.ua/bitstream/ntb/36651/1/7_29-35.pdf
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Can You Drink Tap Water in Kiev, Lviv or Odessa?
Apr 2, 2019
Ukraine’s Water Quality Is Quite Bad
Compared with the rest of Europe, the water quality in Ukraine is rather abysmal. While it’s safe for showering and washing dishes, it’s undeniably a risky endeavor drinking it.
https://expatukraine.com/tap-water-in-kiev-lviv-or-odessa/
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Quality and safety of tap water in selected Ukrainian regions
2021
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351346090_Quality_and_safety_of_tap_water_in_selected_Ukrainian_regions
____________________________
Toxic Taps: Arsenic in Water Stirs Cancer Fears
March 20, 2018
Almost a million people in Serbia, Croatia and Hungary are exposed to carcinogenic drinking water with arsenic levels above the legal limit, a BIRN investigation reveals.
https://balkaninsight.com/2018/03/20/toxic-taps-arsenic-in-water-stirs-cancer-fears-03-02-2018/
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Mass poisoning by drinking water takes place in occupied Makiivka
Sept. 27, 2018
On September 25, in occupied Makiivka, Donetsk region, the mass poisoning of the civilians by the drinking water took place as Commissioner of the Ukrainian Parliament for Human Rights in Donbas Pavlo Lysyansky reported on Facebook.
“At the moment I know about 37 hospitalized adults and two children up to the age of nine (The data from the medical workers), part of people were sent to the hospitals of Donetsk, I could not get the information from that place,” Lysyansky wrote.
https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/112-ua-mass-poisoning-by-drinking-water-takes-place-in-occupied-makiivka.html
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Number of residents poisoned by tap water in Russian-occupied Donbas sharply increased
28.09.18
Mass poisoning by toxic tap water occurred in Russian-occupied town of Makiyivka a few days ago.
https://www.unian.info/society/10278567-number-of-residents-poisoned-by-tap-water-in-russian-occupied-donbas-sharply-increased.html
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Kiev – The ”Big Water” City In Transition
July 12, 2001
https://www.digitaljournal.com/life/kiev-the-big-water-city-in-transition/article/33049
____________________________
UKRAINE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION POLICY NOTE
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35854/Ukraine-Water-Supply-and-Sanitation-Policy-Note-Toward-Improved-Inclusive-and-Sustainable-Water-Supply-and-Sanitation-Services.pdf?sequence=1
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Conclusion of Kalynivka School Water Project – Ukraine
February 26th, 2022 – by Dr Eoghan Darbyshire and Doug Weir / Conflict and Environment Observatory
http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/2022/02/26/ukraine-invasion-rapid-overview-of-environmental-issues/
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Nemyriv Reservoir Clean-Up Project – Ukraine
Location
Nemyriv, Vinnytska, Ukraine
https://watercharity.com/book/nemyriv-reservoir-clean-up-project-ukraine/
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Water pollution in Ukraine: the search for possible solutions
22 Jan 2007
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0790062042000206110?journalCode=cijw20
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New challenge to security of Ukraine on its rivers
07.05.2021
http://old.defence.org.ua/en/%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/new-challenge-to-security-of-ukraine-on-its-rivers/
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Distribution, magnitude and characterization of the toxicity of Ukrainian estuarine sediments
2011
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X11004474
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Pollution turning Ukraine reservoirs into estuaries
29.01.18
The expert recalled that in 2017, more than 2 billion cubic meters of sewage waters were spilled into the country’s reservoirs, while only two-thirds of the latter underwent treatment.
https://www.unian.info/society/2371870-pollution-turning-ukraine-reservoirs-into-estuaries.html
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Concentration and distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants and metals in the estuaries of Ukraine
June 2009
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24431786_Concentration_and_distribution_of_hydrophobic_organic_contaminants_and_metals_in_the_estuaries_of_Ukraine
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Cryptic survival and an unexpected recovery of the long-tailed mayfly Palingenia longicauda (Olivier, 1791) (Ephemeroptera: Palingeniidae) in Southeastern Europe
2021
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439678v1
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Analysis of surface water quality and crustacean diseases in fish (the Ustya River basin, Ukraine)
https://www.ujecology.com/abstract/analysis-of-surface-water-quality-and-crustacean-diseases-in-fish-the-ustya-river-basin-ukraine-61585.html
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Using local mineral materials for the rehabilitation of the Ustya River – a case study
August 2021
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354282304_Using_local_mineral_materials_for_the_rehabilitation_of_the_Ustya_River_-_a_case_study
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A Study of Dispersed, Thermally Activated Limestone from Ukraine for the Safe Liming of Water Using ANN Models
December 2021
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357220580_A_Study_of_Dispersed_Thermally_Activated_Limestone_from_Ukraine_for_the_Safe_Liming_of_Water_Using_ANN_Models
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Nutrients in freshwater – rivers of Ukraine
2013
https://eni-seis.eionet.europa.eu/east/indicators/c11-2013-nutrients-in-freshwater-2013-rivers-of-ukraine
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European Union Water initiative + for Eastern Partnership countries (EUWI+)
2020
DNIPRO RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN
PRIPYAT RIVER SUBBASIN
Significant water management issues
https://www.euwipluseast.eu/images/2020/09/PDF/Pripyat_summary_27072020-eng1.pdf
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Wetlands (Ukraine)
http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CE%5CWetlands.htm
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Rivers (Ukraine)
http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivers.htm
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List of longest rivers of Ukraine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine
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Ecological risks in river basins: a comparative analysis of steppe and forest Ukrainian areas
https://www.ujecology.com/abstract/ecological-risks-in-river-basins-a-comparative-analysis-of-steppe-and-forest-ukrainian-areas-64062.html
____________________________Sasyk Lagoon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasyk_Lagoon
Sasyk, or Kunduk, is a lagoon or liman in southern Ukraine, near the Danube Delta. It is a Ramsar listed wetland site important for migrating, breeding and moulting birds. About 25,000 pairs of wetland birds make their nests there and seasonal conglomerations of birds are up to 100,000 individuals.The area of the lagoon is 215 km2, and the depth up to 3.3 m. Until 1978 the lagoon was separated into two parts: northern brackishwater area, including the rivers Cogâlnic and Sarata, and a southern marine area. The lagoon was separated from the sea by a 0.5 km wide sandbar.
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Modern Hydrographic and Water management zoning of Ukraine’s territory in 2016 – implementation of the WFD-2000/60/EC // Electronic book with full papers XXVIIІ Conference of the Danubian Countries on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Bases of Water Management. Kyiv. Ukraine.
November 2019
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337452380_Modern_Hydrographic_and_Water_management_zoning_of_Ukraine’s_territory_in_2016_-_implementation_of_the_WFD-200060EC_Electronic_book_with_full_papers_XXVIII_Conference_of_the_Danubian_Countries_on_Hydr
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‘Mother Nature recovers amazingly fast’: reviving Ukraine’s rich wetlands
27 Dec 2019
In the Danube delta, removing dams and bringing back native species have restored ecosystems
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/27/it-is-amazing-how-quickly-mother-nature-can-recover-restoring-ukraines-rich-wetlands-aoe
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Assessment of treatment efficiency of constructed wetlands in East Ukraine
2015
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925857415300872
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The Features of Eutrophication Processes in the Water of the Uzh River
2022.02.0
http://www.ecoeet.com/pdf-145613-72269?filename=The%20Features%20of.pdf
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The distribution of heavy metals content in the bottom deposits of the trans-border Uzh river system
2017-05-16
https://ecology.dp.ua/index.php/ECO/article/view/011722
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Hydrochemical Peculiarities of Catastrophic Pollution of the Psel River under Influence of Erosion-Hydrological Processes on the Catchment Area
27 July 2021
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0097807821040114
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Managing transboundary wetlands: the Ramsar Convention as a means of ecological diplomacy
2014
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Experience of Ukraine in the Development of the Water Quality Control on Transboundary Rivers
https://www.iwra.org/member/congress/resource/PAP00-5491.pdf
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DRASTIC assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in the Vistula floodplain in central Poland
July 30 2016
https://iwaponline.com/hr/article/48/4/1088/1547/DRASTIC-assessment-of-groundwater-vulnerability-to
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Cost of groundwater protection: major groundwater basin protection zones in Poland
22 February 2021
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10784-021-09525-8
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Groundwater Vulnerability and Pollution Risk Assessment
Jan 24, 2020
https://books.google.com/books/about/Groundwater_Vulnerability_and_Pollution.html?id=fDH3DwAAQBAJ
____________________________
Swiss groundwater quality threatened by pollution
August 15, 2019
https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/national-report_swiss-groundwater-quality-threatened-by-pollution/45162948
____________________________
History of Atmospheric Lead Deposition Since 12,370 14C yr BP from a Peat Bog, Jura Mountains, Switzerland
11 Sep 1998
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.281.5383.1635
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Quality of water types in Ukraine evaluated by WaterTox bioassays
2002
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12112633/
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Transboundary Migration of the River Water Pollutants Between Ukraine and Romania: A Case Study of Bukovyna Region
23 November 2010
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0280-6_18
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New Romania River Pollution Surfaces Near Ukraine, Hungary
Dec 28, 2000
https://www.wqpmag.com/new-romania-river-pollution-surfaces-near-ukraine-hungary
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Hungarian President calls on Ukraine, Romania to stop polluting rivers
July 7, 2020
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-president-ukraine-pollution/hungarian-president-calls-on-ukraine-romania-to-stop-polluting-rivers-idUSKBN2481JN
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Ukraine: New campaign to protect Dnieper river from phosphate pollution
14-06-2018
https://www.euneighbours.eu/en/east/stay-informed/news/ukraine-new-campaign-protect-dnieper-river-phosphate-pollution
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WATER PROTECTION IN UKRAINE
May 2012
https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2012/wat/Task_Force_on_target_settings/5th_TF/presentations/6_item_4a_Which_targets_to_set_Ukraine_Irina_Rudenko.pdf
____________________________
Water pollution in Ukraine: The search for possible solutions
June 2004
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233112752_Water_pollution_in_Ukraine_The_search_for_possible_solutions
____________________________
Water Pollution Control Issues in an Independent Ukraine
26 July 2007
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2000.tb00237.x
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Transboundary rivers of Ukraine: perspectives for sustainable development and clean water
January 2021
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352130520_Transboundary_rivers_of_Ukraine_perspectives_for_sustainable_development_and_clean_water
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Extreme Drought Is Crashing Food Production Whether Russia Invades or Not
February 17, 2022
In a world increasingly feeling the effects of climate change, the media must examine the role climate can play in igniting and inflaming conflicts.
https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/ukraine-climate-change-conflict-russia/
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Tucker: We may not have enough food soon
Mar 25, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohGa1DcA6BI
____________________________
Putin the Practical Wants Ukraine Grain
January 27, 2022
https://steadystate.org/putin-the-practical-wants-ukraine-grain/
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Ukraine: Dry spell may harm wheat and barley harvest
14-05-2013
https://www.allaboutfeed.net/animal-feed/raw-materials/ukraine-dry-spell-may-harm-wheat-and-barley-harvest/
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Putin’s New Brutal Plan – The world is in DANGER!
Mar 28, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMqs9eXyarU
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Section 9: Deforestation
___________________
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Barbarous Deforestation in Western Ukraine
May 27, 2016
Over the past two years, the forest cover in the Carpathian Mountains of western Ukraine has been thinned drastically by human cutting of the trees. Environmentalists warn of impending disaster, but officials assure that the situation is under control.
https://www.counterpunch.org/2016/05/27/barbarous-deforestation-in-western-ukraine/
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Ukraine Timber Risk Profile
2019
https://preferredbynature.org/sourcinghub/timber/ukraine-timber-risk-profile
Timber Risk Score: 12 / 100 in 2021. The Timber Legality Risk Assessment for Ukraine contains an evaluation of the risk of illegality in Ukraine for 6 categories and 26 sub-categories of law.
Ukraine has around 9.7 million hectares of forest land (FAO, 2020), representing 16.7% of the total land area. Only 0.6% are primary forests, 49% are naturally regenerated forests, and over 50%, are planted forests.
The vast majority of forests (nearly 87 %) are state-owned, while 13% of forestry land plots are attributed to communal and private property. State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine (SFRA) and other central government bodies manage the state-owned forest.
Illegal logging is a considerable problem in Ukraine (Regional Environmental Center, 2010) due to illegal logging, illegal wood exports, and timber-related corruption. Ukraine is also a complex country because of the imperfection of the current legislation and the existence of conflicts between laws.
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Ukraine Forest Information and Data
https://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Ukraine.htm
____________________________
Forest
Map: Forests of Ukraine.
http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CO%5CForest.htm
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Deforestation statistics for Ukraine
https://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/archive/Ukraine.htm
____________________________
Deforestation in Europe increases
2021
https://wilderness-society.org/deforestation-in-europe-increases/
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National Parks and Reserves in Ukraine
https://www.ukraine.com/attractions/national-parks/
____________________________Clean up Synevyr National Nature Park, Ukraine
2019
https://www.eocaconservation.org/project-detail.cfm?projectid=2361
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Kiliya Conservation Project – Ukraine
https://watercharity.com/book/kiliya-conservation-project-ukraine/
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East European forest steppe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_European_forest_steppe
The East European forest steppe ecoregion (WWF ID:PA0419) is a patchwork of broadleaf forest stands and grasslands (steppe) that stretches 2,100 km across eastern Europe from the Ural Mountains in Ural, through Povolzhye, Central Russia to the middle of Ukraine.There are also isolated areas of similar character off the western end in eastern Romania, Moldova, and Bulgaria. The region forms a transition zone between the temperate forests to the north, and the steppe to the south. The forest-steppe is an area of Russia in which precipitation and evaporation are approximately equal. The ecoregion is in the Palearctic realm, with a Humid Continental climate. It covers 727,269 km2 (280,800 sq mi).
Protected areas
The East European forest steppe has been affected heavily by human pressure: over half is arable land, and the natural forest stands have mostly been cleared. Little of the territory is legally protected as nature reserves, and such reserves that exist tend to be small tracts set aside for study. Representative protected areas in the ecoregion include…
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Mapped: 30 Years of Deforestation and Forest Growth, by Country
December 29, 2021
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-30-years-of-deforestation-and-forest-growth-by-country/
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Plant and animal life (Ukraine)
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life
____________________________
More Than Half Of Native European Tree Species Face Extinction!
October 9, 2019
https://www.intelligentliving.co/more-than-half-native-european-tree-species-face-extinction/
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More Than Half The Trees Endemic to Europe Have a Major Problem We Only Just Noticed
6 OCTOBER 2019
Of all the known trees found solely Europe, more than half are at risk of dying out, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports.
Some of these ancient natives have existed here since before the last ice age, but as the sixth mass extinction unfolds, Europe’s perennial woods are more threatened than its reptiles, mammals, birds, bees, and butterflies.
In fact, trees are one of the most highly endangered groups yet assessed for the IUCN’s European Red List. The risk of extinction for this group of species is exceeded only by freshwater molluscs and leafy plants.
The worst part is we’ve only just noticed. In an effort to study some of the world’s most overlooked species, the IUCN’s newly-published Red List of Trees makes visible the scale of our unmistakable destruction.
Evaluating all 454 tree species native to the European continent, analysts found 42 percent of its indigenous species were regionally threatened with extinction.
For the endemic trees, which exist only in Europe, well over half were at a high risk of dying out, while 15 percent were deemed critically endangered – a step away from extinction.
https://www.sciencealert.com/more-than-half-the-trees-endemic-to-europe-are-going-extinct-and-we-only-just-noticed
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Report: 58% of Europe-only trees face extinction threat
September 27, 2019
https://apnews.com/article/science-international-news-europe-trees-environment-5ebd9af566614a4a9fae28d57d9e9f98
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‘Alarming’ extinction threat to Europe’s trees
27 September 2019
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49838650
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Endangered plants of Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_plants_of_Europe
____________________________
Endangered species of wild fauna and flora
Member: Ukraine
https://importlicensing.wto.org/content/endangered-species-wild-fauna-and-flora-5
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Flora of vascular plants of the Azov-Syvash National Nature Park (analysis of contemporary diversity)
October 2013
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273140607_Flora_of_vascular_plants_of_the_Azov-Syvash_National_Nature_Park_analysis_of_contemporary_diversity
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Ancient trees help to keep forests alive by passing down golden genes
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/ancient-trees-help-to-keep-forests-alive-by-passing-down-golden-genes/ar-AATu3GC
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The great chestnut trees of Europe are dying
September 5, 2012
https://phys.org/news/2012-09-great-chestnut-trees-europe-dying.html
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European Ash Trees Likely To Go Extinct
2019
https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/european-ash-trees-likely-go-extinct/
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Restricted and Endangered Wood Species
https://www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/restricted-and-endangered-wood-species/
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Explained: How the EU plans to ban products linked to deforestation
09/02/2022
https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2021/11/17/explained-how-the-eu-plans-to-ban-products-linked-to-deforestation
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Europe’s deforestation proposal must do more for smallholder farmers
21 February 2022
https://voxeurop.eu/en/europes-deforestation-proposal-must-do-more-for-smallholder-farmers/
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IKEA to review its Ukrainian wood supply after critical report
June 23, 2020
https://www.reuters.com/article/ikea-supplychain-ukraine-wood-idUSL8N2E053U
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The EU and the Deforestation of Ukraine
May 19, 2016
https://prepareforchange.net/2016/05/19/the-eu-and-the-deforestation-of-ukraine/
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Biological flora of Central Europe: Aldrovanda vesiculosa L
2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1433831918300568
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The toll of war on Ukraine’s animal population
March 11, 2022
https://www.redbluffdailynews.com/2022/03/11/the-toll-of-war-on-ukraines-animal-population/
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20 Endangered Species at Risk in Ukraine
February 28, 2022
Will Russia’s invasion threaten not just innocent people but the country’s unique wildlife?
https://therevelator.org/endangered-species-ukraine/
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Endangered species in Ukraine
Nov. 18, 2014
https://www.slideshare.net/tyarmysh/endangered-species-in-ukraine
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Endangered Species in Ukraine Facing Extinction Amid Russian Invasion
Mar 11, 2022
War can potentially wipe out wildlife species from the face of the earth; just like the Wake Island rail (a small flightless bird, native to an atoll in the Pacific) which went extinct during World War II
https://www.planetcustodian.com/endangered-wildlife-species-in-ukraine/24867/
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This is a list of Extinct species in Ukraine according to the IUCN Red List.
This list was last updated 2019-09-14
https://rainforests.mongabay.com/biodiversity/en/ukraine/EX.html
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Carpathian List of Endangered Species
April 2003
http://www.nationalredlist.org/files/2012/08/Carpathian-List-of-Endangered-Species-2003.pdf
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Endangered Species Search by Area Selection
http://www.earthsendangered.com/search-regions3.asp?mp=&search=1&sgroup=allgroups&ID=526
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Endangered Insects of Europe
http://www.earthsendangered.com/continent.asp?gr=I&view=&ID=6&nogroupall=
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Ukraine’s zoos: what is happening to all the animals
March 21, 2022
https://theconversation.com/ukraines-zoos-what-is-happening-to-all-the-animals-179147?utm_source=pocket-newtab
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Thousands of animals trapped at Kyiv, Ukraine zoo as food supply dwindles
March 4, 2022
https://nypost.com/2022/03/04/thousands-of-animals-trapped-at-kyiv-zoo-in-ukraine/
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ZOO FROM HELL: Harrowing photos show tormented animals trapped in bombed zoos as Putin’s butchers invade Ukraine
18 Mar 2022
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/17995291/tormented-animals-trapped-bombed-zoos-ukraine/
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Russia’s War Is Hell on the Pets of Ukraine—and Their Rescuers
Mar. 16, 2022
https://www.thedailybeast.com/russias-war-is-hell-on-the-pets-of-ukraine-and-their-rescuers
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Braving Bombs and Shellfire to Rescue Ukraine’s Animals
March 7, 2022
https://www.theepochtimes.com/braving-bombs-and-shellfire-to-rescue-ukraines-animals_4322046.html
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Breaking! Ukrainian-Based Best Friends Animal Shelter urgently Needs Volunteers After Multiple Shellings Hit Their Building Killing Many Animals
March 4, 2022
https://worldanimalnews.com/breaking-ukrainian-based-best-friends-animal-shelter-in-makariv-kiev-urgently-needs-local-volunteers-building-materials-after-suffering-severe-damage-from-multiple-shellings/
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Wildlife of Ukraine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine
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Genome-wide diversity loss in reintroduced Eurasian lynx populations urges immediate conservation management
2022
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320721004948
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Ukraine on the Brink: Deforestation Threatens Fragile Ecosystems
Oct 20, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TlzPoOxW40
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Europe’s Amazonia will be lost if Poland, Ukraine and Belarus implement E40 waterway
2021/09/15
https://euromaidanpress.com/2021/09/15/europes-amazonia-will-be-lost-if-poland-ukraine-and-belarus-implement-e40-waterway/
What’s wrong with the plans of Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus to create a 2352-kilometer-long waterway linking the Baltic and Black seas? It just happens to run through some of Europe’s last pristine wetlands and untouched rivers. Environmental groups have been protesting the waterway construction plans since 2017; we report on what’s at stake.
Since 2017, the Stop E40 public campaign has been ongoing in protest of plans by the Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian governments to create a new 2352-kilometer-long E40 waterway. This dangerous idea that would destroy Polissia region, the European “Amazonia” twice as large as Portugal, was slowed down in 2021 but not abandoned.
Connecting Polish Gdansk and Ukrainian Kherson, the waterway had allegedly to allow transportation of 6 million tonnes of cargo per year. At the same time, deepening and consolidating river banks would change dramatically the level of groundwater and destroy the largest pristine river in Europe and huge swamp areas, home to many rare species and one of the few remnants of natural old European landscape.
The cooperation of three countries around the project slowed down after 2020 protests in Belarus, the 2 July 2021 decision of Ukrainian State Agency for Exclusion Zone Management to remove the E40 waterway from their Strategy, and the recent decision of Polish Minister of Climate and Environment Michał Kurtyka on 24 August 2021 to revoke environmental consent for Siarzewo Dam on the Vistula River.
At the same time the idea of E40 is not abandoned. National governments have been promoting the E40 waterway step by step. One of Europe’s most pristine rivers, Prypiat, was partially dredged in Ukraine in 2020. Ukrainian Ministry of Infrastructure requested a joint decision among the governments of Poland, Belarus and Ukraine, if the E40 waterway project is to be implemented.
While the future of Polissia is unclear, Save Polesia and Stop E40 public campaigns continue regular monitoring of the situation. During the 4-year-long struggle, they have collected a lot of information both about the value of Polissia and the damange coming from the E40 waterway. Euromaidan Press is publishing excerpts of their materials.
Video of Belarusian environmentalists about Polissia that explains the situation
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Brazil: Bolsonaro uses Ukraine war to support extraction on indigenous land
02.03.2022
The Brazilian president wants to pave the way for further exploitation of protected lands. He is not known for protecting the environment or indigenous rights.
https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-bolsonaro-uses-ukraine-war-to-support-extraction-on-indigenous-land/a-60990812
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‘Nobody Tells Him What to Do.’ Brazil’s President Bolsonaro Is Visiting Putin Despite U.S. Criticism
February 2022
https://time.com/6148311/bolsonaro-putin-visit-ukraine/
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Bolsonaro Using Ukraine Crisis to Push for Mining in indigenous Lands
May 2, 2022
https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2022/03/02/ukraine-mining-indigenous-lands/
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Brazil: Amazon sees worst deforestation levels in 15 years
19 November 2021
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-59341770
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Deforestation of Ukraine’s Carpathians: Where Do We Go From Here?
Oct 10, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG2B45zK78c
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Cold War spy satellites built to track nukes now help monitor trees
November 17, 2021
CIA spy satellite photos from the 1960s are now a treasure trove for scientists tracking ecological change, including finding valuable forests hidden in Romania’s Carpathian Mountains.
https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2021/11/cold-war-spy-satellites-built-to-track-nukes-now-help-monitor-trees/
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Romanians protest over illegal logging and murders
4 November 2019
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50287999.amp
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Border guards detected illegal logging in Zakarpattia region
May 2020
https://dpsu.gov.ua/en/news/Border-guards-detected-illegal-logging-in-Zakarpattia-region/
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Ukraine floods: Why climate change and logging are blamed
2 July 2020
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53233387
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Ukrainian activists taken to court by longstanding EBRD client after sounding the alarm on impacts of planned wood processing factory
7 April 2020
Activists from the environmental NGO Ecoclub from Rivne, Ukraine are facing defamation charges after they raised warnings about a planned wood processing facility near the city. The group alerted the public to a host of potential negative environmental impacts the facility might have, which has started construction in the village of Horodok, in the Rivne region, in Ukraine’s northwest.
https://bankwatch.org/blog/ukrainian-activists-taken-to-court-by-longstanding-ebrd-client-after-sounding-the-alarm-on-impacts-of-planned-wood-processing-factory
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Soil Fertility to Increase Climate Resilience in Ukraine
December 5, 2014
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/12/05/ukraine-soil
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Global food supply at risk from Russian invasion of Ukraine
March 3, 2022
https://peakoil.com/consumption/global-food-supply-at-risk-from-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/comment-page-1
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Ukraine – Soil fertility to strengthen climate resilience : preliminary assessment of the potential benefits of conservation agriculture : Main report (English)
Jan 2014
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Distribution-of-soil-types-in-Ukraine_fig11_312136260
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Soils of Ukraine.docx – Ukraine Soils of Ukraine From…
https://www.coursehero.com/file/133747309/Soils-of-Ukrainedocx/
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U.S. agriculture braces for fallout from crisis in Ukraine
02/25/2022
https://www.eenews.net/articles/u-s-agriculture-braces-for-fallout-from-crisis-in-ukraine/
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The Crap’s About To Hit The Fan! War In Ukraine Will Have Biggest Impact On Fertilizer Industry
Mar 3, 2022
https://moneyandmarkets.com/the-craps-about-to-hit-the-fan-war-in-ukraine-will-have-biggest-impact-on-fertilizer-industry/
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Ukraine war, gas and the fertiliser problem
March 7, 2022
https://tallbloke.wordpress.com/2022/03/07/ukraine-war-gas-and-the-fertiliser-problem/comment-page-1/
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Wheat Rises To 14-Year Top As Russia-Ukraine War Tightens Supplies
March 07, 2022
https://www.esmmagazine.com/supply-chain/wheat-rises-to-14-year-top-as-russia-ukraine-war-tightens-supplies-166060
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Complicit in Corruption (Report: Earthsight)
Dec 27, 2018
How billion-dollar firms and EU governments are failing Ukraine’s forests
https://www.scribd.com/document/396425608/Report-Earthsight-Complicit-in-Corruption
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Section 10: Air Pollution
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Ukraine: Air pollution from forest fires also fuels isolation
18 Apr 2020
People in Kyiv have been warned to stay indoors, for another reason other than social isolation.
https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2020/4/18/ukraine-air-pollution-from-forest-fires-also-fuels-isolation
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Wildfires blanket Kyiv in thick smog
17 April 2020
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52329498
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New Solutions, not Smog, on the Horizon for Ukraine’s Air Quality
April 30, 2020
https://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/blog/2020/double-danger–air-pollution-from-chornobyl-zone-fires-heightens.html
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Air pollution: smog and fog in the large cities of Ukraine.
September 30, 2017
Abstract
The main factors of air pollution in large cities in Ukraine are described in the article and the main factors of smog have been analyzed on the example of Kyiv in the period January – February 2017. For the analysis of sample contamination points in Kyiv, we used a mathematical model of the spread of solid and gaseous pollutants with the main factors of influence on the scattering process of contaminants in the air: heat, turbulence, chemical kinetics, etc. As a result of the simulation it was confirmed that the smog in Kyiv and surroundings was formed as a result of anticyclone and air pollution by harmful substances, soot and etc.
https://useful.academy/1-1-2017-0001-sipakov/
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Atmospheric Aerosol Over Ukraine Region: Current Status of Knowledge and Research Efforts
2018
https://www.academia.edu/47426696/Atmospheric_Aerosol_Over_Ukraine_Region_Current_Status_of_Knowledge_and_Research_Efforts
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Air pollution over European Russia and Ukraine under the hot summer conditions of 2010
24 December 2011
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001433811060168
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Air Pollution and the Effects on Ukraine
Jan 25th, 2009
https://www.studymode.com/essays/Air-Pollution-And-Effects-Ukraine-65215090.html
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Air Pollution and the Effects on Ukraine
https://blablawriting.net/air-pollution-and-the-effects-on-ukraine-essay
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Ukraine’s dangerous air pollution problem in desperate need of solutions
19 October 2020
https://bankwatch.org/blog/ukraine-s-dangerous-air-pollution-problem-in-desperate-need-of-solutions
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The scandal of Europe’s polluted skies – and the communities suffering the consequences
15/02/2022
https://www.euronews.com/2022/01/14/the-scandal-of-europe-s-polluted-skies-and-the-communities-suffering-the-consequences
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Satellites see the pollution you can’t, and can help us solve the problem
April 26, 2021
https://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/stories/satellite-pollution-data-moldova-ukraine.html
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Risk Assessment for the Population of Kyiv, Ukraine as a Result of Atmospheric Air Pollution
2020 Jan 22
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC7058139/
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Ukraine in the top 50 countries for air pollution
March 16, 2021
https://www.world-today-news.com/ukraine-in-the-top-50-countries-for-air-pollution/
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Czech experts are collecting new data on air pollution in Ukraine
10. 09. 2018
A Czech-Ukrainian team of experts is examining the impacts of polluted air on the environment in the country. Analysing up to 90 samples of soil and river sediments in five major industrial cities – Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Zaporizhia, Kharkiv, and Mariupol (1) – will bring exact data on the depth of the issue. Ukraine suffers from severe air contamination causing tens of thousands of deaths a year (2), while it is the twelfth-largest steel producer in the world out of 67 countries (3). The results are expected to be published in November.
https://arnika.org/EN/news/czech-experts-are-collecting-new-data-on-air-pollution-in-ukraine
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Pollution in Ukraine
Pollution is the contamination of the environment, including air, water, a land, with undesirable amounts of material or energy. Such contamination originates from human activities. An industrial country, Ukraine contains some of the most polluted landscapes in Eastern Europe. Pollution became evident in Ukraine with industrial development in the 19th century.
Air pollution is especially severe in many of the heavily industrialized cities and towns of southeastern Ukraine, notably in Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovs and Zaporizhia. Coal-using industries, such as metallurgical coke-chemical plants, steel mills, and thermal power plants are major sources of high levels of uncontrolled emissions of sulphur dioxide, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, and other harmful substances.
Other Ukrainian cities with major chronic air pollution problems include Kyiv, Komunarsk, Makiivka and Odesa.
Almost all surface waters of Ukraine belong to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov basins. The high population density, heavy industrial development, and relatively low freshwater endowment of those basins, and the low governmental priority placed upon environmental protection until very recently, have given rise to chronic and serious levels of water pollution throughout Ukraine.
One of the areas suffering most from serious and chronic coastal water pollution is the Sea of Azov. That shallow and Previously biologically rich and commercially productive body of water has experienced serious problems of industrial contamination and increased levels of salinity since the early 1970s.
The sea’s salinity has increased by more than 40 per cent since the 1950s. Combined with pollution that increase has resulted in a dramatic drop in fish catches (by 60-90 per cent). Despite repeated warnings and special government antipollution resolutions, the conditions in the Sea of Azov continue to deteriorate.
https://tvory.info/tvir-na-anglijskom/index.php/110-pollution-in-ukraine-problema-zabrudnennya-navkolishnogo-seredovishcha-v-ukrajini
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CIS: Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan Cities Among World’s Dirtiest
September 18, 2007
https://www.rferl.org/a/1078702.html
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Environment ministry names most polluted Ukrainian cities
10.07.2013
According to data of 1992-2012, very high and high level of air pollution was observed in more than 20 cities of Ukraine
KYIV, July 10 /UKRINFORM/. According to data of 1992-2012, very high and high level of air pollution was observed in more than 20 cities of Ukraine, Tyzhden.ua reports citing data of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
“During 20 years the most polluted cities are mainly in the east and center of Ukraine, in particular, in Donetsk region – Horlivka, Dzerzhynsk, Donetsk, Yenakievo, Kramatorsk, Makiyivka, Mariupol and Sloviansk,” the newspaper writes.
In the early 1990s there was a high level of pollution in Luhansk, whereas in Lysychansk, Severodonetsk and Rubizhne high level of pollution remains event today.
In the central region the most polluted air is recorded in Dnipropetrovsk, Dniprodzerzhynsk and Kryviy Rih.
In Cherkasy high pollution level was observed before 2008, then it decreased to high.
In the southern region throughout the period very high level of contamination remains in Odesa, high – in Krasnoperekopsk and Zaporizhzhia, since 1999 – in Armiansk.
In the west, a high level of air pollution is seen in Lutsk, in some years – in Uzhgorod.
Overall, in the territory of Ukraine during 1992-2012 air pollution level was characterized as high.
The monitoring of air pollution by meteorological observation organizations is carried out in 53 cities of Ukraine (including all regional centers).
The ministry explains that very high and high levels of air pollution in cities is due to significant concentrations of formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, phenol, benzo (a) pyrene, hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, suspended matters.
The level of air pollution in cities is estimated by the Air Pollution Index (API), which is calculated by the sum of the five largest API contaminants with the average annual concentrations.
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Ranking of the most polluted big cities in Europe in April 2021
April 2021
9. Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine – 24,7
https://airly.org/en/ranking-of-the-most-polluted-big-cities-in-europe-in-april-2021/
____________________________Ranking of the most Polluted Cities in Europe in 2021
5 – Dnipro, Ukraine
https://www.fortraveladvicelovers.com/en/ranking-of-the-most-polluted-cities-in-europe-in-2021
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December 20, 2018
Five cities in the Ukraine, Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Zaporizhia, Kharkiv and Mariupol, are suffering from increased pollution, according to a Czech-Ukrainian team of experts.
The research was conducted by non-governmental organizations Arnika (Czech Republic) and Ecoaction (Ukraine) and financed by the Transition Promotion Programme of the Czech Republic.
As reported by Arnika news online, Marek Šír, expert from the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, issued the following statement: “We found several sites contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. The most polluted river sediments were found in Kharkiv and Zaporizhia, especially by cadmium and zinc. Whereas the area affected by the industry is vast, it is highly probable that other sites with a high concentration of pollutants that represent a risk to human health can be found. It is necessary to continue with analyses of the environment and protect the population”.
“Serious contamination of free-range poultry egg samples by dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in Kharkiv, Mariupol and Kryvyi Rih was discovered. Contamination by persistent organic pollutants may occur also in other home-grown food sources. The situation in Kryvyi Rih seems to be most disturbing,” Jitka Straková, Arnika’s expert on toxics and waste, added.
According to Maksym Soroka, expert on environmental protection and co-author of the study, even though industrial plants are visible, the pollution is not. “Our objective was to check to what extent polluted air affects the environment, and thus health of inhabitants. Levels of contamination may seem to be not that shocking at the first sight. However, the samples were not collected in factories but in residential areas. Since the industry has polluted sand in playgrounds, we have a serious issue.”
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War has been an environmental disaster for Ukraine
February 15, 2022
https://thebulletin.org/2022/02/war-has-been-an-environmental-disaster-for-ukraine/
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Inside a Ukrainian war zone, another fight rages—for clean air
November 29, 2021
The port city of Mariupol battles pollution from iron and steel plants decades out of date, but activists are making headway.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/inside-a-ukrainian-war-zone-another-fight-ragesfor-clean-air
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Ukraine war: Devastating siege of Mariupol continues as humanitarian crisis worsens
12/03/2022
https://vnexplorer.net/ukraine-war-devastating-siege-of-mariupol-continues-as-humanitarian-crisis-worsens-s635191.html
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Despite the proximity to the Donbass conflict, there is an air of normalcy in Mariupol, Ukraine. But that very air is heavily polluted by the historic Metinvest metallurgical complex
27/07/2021
https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Ukraine/Sea-of-Azov-Mariupol-s-iron-dust-211641
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How Ukraine’s hope for a green city is now lost among devastated Mariupol’s rubble
March 13 2022
https://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/how-ukraines-hope-for-a-green-city-is-now-lost-among-devastated-mariupols-rubble-41439226.html
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“Worse than people think,” says Ukrainian lawyer about air pollution
2019
Dnipro, Zaporizhia, or Mariupol. These cities in the Mid-East of Ukraine form the heart of local industry. But local power plants and factories – the result of economic growth in the old Soviet times – have been left with a somber heritage. Tens of thousands of Ukrainians die from air pollution every year. According to Tamara Kharchilava, the lawyer of the Kyivan organization Ecoaction, the solution lies in an active civil society.
https://arnika.org/en/news/tamara-kharchilava-on-industrial-air-pollution
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Aid workers describe ‘apocalyptic’ scenes in Mariupol, a Ukrainian city under siege
March 9, 2022
https://news.yahoo.com/aid-workers-describe-apocalyptic-scenes-in-mariupol-a-ukrainian-city-under-siege-182829836.html
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Mariupol bombing: before and after satellite images show destruction in Ukraine city
9 Mar 2022
More than 1,000 people have been killed by Russian shelling, says mayor, amid outcry over attacks on residential areas and maternity hospital
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/10/mariupol-bombing-ukraine-before-and-after-satellite-images-map-russian-attack-residential-maternity-childrens-hospital
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Videos show intense Russian airstrikes in Sumy, Ukraine
3/8/2022
https://newsrnd.com/news/2022-03-08-videos-show-intense-russian-airstrikes-in-sumy–ukraine.BJ4_dWS-q.html
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Destruction in Ukraine’s Bila Tserkva After Air Strike
March 5, 2022
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/destruction-in-ukraines-bila-tserkva-after-air-strike/vi-AAUEm9z
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Suppressed History: The Genocide at Vinnitsa/Ukraine Genocide
December 20, 2009
https://rainbowwarrior2005.wordpress.com/2009/12/22/suppressed-history-the-genocide-at-vinnitsa/
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Bila Tserkva Industrial Park becomes participant of the Global Eco-Industrial Parks Programme in Ukraine
04/ 03/ 2020
https://eba.com.ua/en/industrialnyj-park-bila-tserkva-stav-uchasnykom-globalnoyi-programy-eko-industrialnyh-parkiv-v-ukrayini/
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Russian troops shelled Severodonetsk causing widespread damage
2022
https://liveuamap.com/en/2022/28-february-russian-troops-shelled-severodonetsk-causing
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Severodonetsk shelling is so extensive that there are not enough emergency responders
March 2022
https://www.reddit.com/r/UkrainianConflict/comments/tdtlzy/severodonetsk_shelling_is_so_extensive_that_there/
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Heavy shelling triggered multiple fires in Severodonetsk and Rubizhne
March 2022
https://liveuamap.com/en/2022/12-march-heavy-shelling-triggered-multiple-fires-in-severodonetsk
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Severodonetsk: a war for health
24. 08. 2020
The problem of air pollution in the city of Severodonetsk and the adjacent village of Voevodovka is related to the activities of two asphalt plants: LLC “Severodonetsk Asphalt-concrete Plant” and the asphalt-concrete plant of the Kiev enterprise “Ukrainian Way”. The first plant is located 285 meters from the residential buildings in Severodonetsk, and the second one 100 meters from the residential buildings in the village of Voevodovka, although according to the current legislation, the distance should be at least 1000 meters.
Coordination of joint actions is necessary
Although Azot, one of Europe’s largest nitrogen and fertilizer plants, was closed as a result of the war with Russia, residents of Severodonetsk and Voevodovka continue to suffer from air pollution. According to preliminary estimates of environmentalists, emissions of phenol pollutants are almost 5 tons per month. This is a direct threat to the health of 562 residents of Voevodovka and 120,000 residents of Severodonetsk. Residential initiative groups, civic activists, the State Environmental Inspectorate in Luhansk area, and other state and local bodies and services are trying to influence the situation in various ways: from lawsuits to protests. But due to uncoordinated actions and insufficient information support, these attempts do not lead to significant results.
Environmentalists say the production is carried out without equipment to filter emissions into the environment. Given this fact, the Luhansk District Administrative Court granted the environmentalists’ request to stop the Severodonetsk Asphalt-concrete Plant, and the Court of Appeal upheld the ban. At the same time, the management of the city hall sees no problems and assures that the plant will only benefit the city.
What’s next?
In order to consolidate its efforts, the local crisis media centre is taking a series of measures, bringing together experts, government officials, activists and enterprising citizens around the problem of air pollution in the region. “We understand the value and importance of industrial enterprises – they provide people with jobs, pay taxes and improve transport infrastructure,” says Olena Nizhelska, head of the Seversky Donets Crisis Media Center. “But we cannot allow this to endanger the health of residents due to the high level of air pollution in the region. Our goal is to activate people, to find compromise solutions that will take into account the needs of all stakeholders and will lead to further reduction of air pollution,” she adds.
https://arnika.org/en/hotspots/ukraine/severodonetsk-a-war-for-health
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Ukrain Fire : Large Wildfire Burns Near Severodonetsk, Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine – 7 Jul, 2020
Jul 9, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWaPsBQs9-A
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Fires near Chernobyl make Kiev air most polluted in world
April 17, 2020
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-chernobyl-fire-pollution-idUKKBN21Z1CP
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Air pollution – Kiev is on the sixth place in the world anti-rating of cities on level of air pollution – News of Kiev – UNIAN
October 30, 2020
https://tekdeeps.com/air-pollution-kiev-is-on-the-sixth-place-in-the-world-anti-rating-of-cities-on-level-of-air-pollution-news-of-kiev-unian/
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“Red level” of air pollution prevails in Kyiv Friday morning (Photo)
17.04.20
https://www.unian.info/kyiv/10962797-red-level-of-air-pollution-prevails-in-kyiv-friday-morning-photo.html
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In Kiev skyrocketed the level of air pollution in gschs told, where the capital is the worst situation
July 31, 2018
https://ukrhotnews.com/2018/07/31/in-kiev-skyrocketed-the-level-of-air-pollution-in-gschs-told-where-the-capital-is-the-worst-situation/
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Significant air pollution recorded in Kiev
4/17/2020
https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-04-17-significant-air-pollution-recorded-in-kiev.HymtZlUPOL.html
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Air Pollution Costs in Ukraine
2006
https://ideas.repec.org/p/fem/femwpa/2006.120.html
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Fighting Air Pollution in the Industrial Cities of Europe
2018
https://arnika.org/en/events/conference-fighting-air-pollution
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Air in Ukraine: TOP-10 cleanest and most polluted cities
09 Jul 2021
Top 10 most polluted cities in Ukraine in 2020:
First place is taken by Mariupol (Donetsk region). The indicator is 15.7
Kamianske (Dnipropetrovsk region)
Dnipro
Kryvyi Rih (Dnipropetrovsk region)
Odesa
Kyiv
Mykolaiv
Kherson
Zaporizhzhia
Kramatorsk (Donetsk region)
https://rubryka.com/en/2021/07/09/ukraine-air/
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Urban Wastelands: The World’s 10 Most Polluted Places
Nov. 04, 2013
Chernobyl, Ukraine
https://science.time.com/2013/11/04/urban-wastelands-the-worlds-10-most-polluted-places/slide/chernobyl-ukraine/
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Toxic air pollutants in Chernivtsi, Ukraine
1997
Abstract
An ambient air study was conducted in the city of Chernivtsi, Ukraine, in response to an outbreak and ongoing occurrence of childhood illness in that region. Sample collection was performed from 26 October to 2 November 1990 to measure total particulate matter (TPM), the elemental composition of TPM including selected heavy metals, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 20 semi-volatile organic compounds. Particulate matter source compositions for soil and automobile exhaust were developed primarily from measurements made in Chernivtsi. Elevated concentrations were reported for many study substances, and enrichment factors implicated anthropogenic activity for over one-half of the elements studied. The average study period TPM concentration was 144 μg m−3. Receptor modeling identified contributions of 37 μg m−3 from soil, 12 μg m−3 from vehicles, and 98 μg m−3 from non-modeled sources. Differential wind patterns during the sampling period allowed probable assignment of source directions relative to the monitoring site for some elements. A source emissions inventory for the city was used to make judgments regarding possible industrial source contributions to some of the ambient elemental concentrations.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412097000287
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The air we breathe
January 18, 2021
Air pollution is one of the three environmental problems Ukrainians are most concerned about, coming third after water pollution and deforestation.
Ukrainians have access to more and more networks and applications with information on the air quality index and the level of pollution – among them SaveEcoBot, EcoCity and others. Such platforms combine the data from official sources, meteorological data and largely rely on citizen-owned sensors. Having a snapshot of air quality is especially important for people with a predisposition to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and for other vulnerable groups, for whom air quality information should be as accessible as data from a thermometer outside a window. Everyone’s health depends on air quality.
Daria Ozerna, a biologist and science journalist, said the level of air pollution often determines whether children and adults spend time outdoors, training, playing and walking. “Physical activity is a component of almost all aspects of health, and it depends in part on air quality,” she said. “Air pollution can also adversely affect the course of coronavirus disease.”
An interdisciplinary team from the University of Geneva (UNIGE) and the ETH Zürich spin-off Meteodat recently investigated possible interactions between acutely elevated levels of fine particulate matter and the virulence of the coronavirus disease. They discovered acute concentrations of fine particles, especially those smaller than 2.5 micrometers, cause inflammation of the respiratory, pulmonary and cardiovascular tracts and thicken the blood. “In combination with a viral infection, these inflammatory factors can lead to a serious progression of the disease,” says Mario Rohrer, researcher at the Institute for Environmental Sciences of the Faculty of Sciences of UNIGE and director of Meteodat.
Air pollution is a complex phenomenon, hazardous particles and molecules appear in the air we breathe from many sources: cars, industry, fires, natural factors – it is affected by the temperature, humidity and wind. But there are six pollutants that are being closely monitored globally due to their adverse impact on health and man-made nature.
Source: European Environment Agency
Expanding the evidence base for air quality policy
To create effective and efficient policies and hold polluters accountable, we need to rely on air quality data. Unfortunately, the Ukrainian public network of air pollution sensors is not producing enough, and its expansion is growing too slowly. For example, in 2020 only two stations were added to the network of European Environmental Agency sensors. Citizen-led projects are promising, but they have yet to cover the whole of Ukraine and far too often experts put the reliability of the measurements they produce in doubt.
But there it another possible solution, which, if combined with local data can create sound evidence base for national policies in the area – using open satellite data could be an opportunity for an impartial and near-real time awareness of the situation on the ground.
In the end of 2020, UNDP Ukraine and UNDP Moldova have partnered with the European Space Agency and their programme EO Clinic to test the applicability of satellite data to understand air pollution, how it changed during COVID lockdowns and which regions are most vulnerable.
We investigated pollution levels for the six main pollutants (NO2, SO2, O3, CO, PM10 and PM2.5) for the whole territory of Ukraine, the biggest Ukrainian cities and for industry-intensive regions. The analysts from Everis and World from Space have used satellite data from the Copernicus Sentinel-5p and Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to visualize air pollution and the distribution of pollutant gases and to find patterns throughout the territory (see full report here: COVID-19 Impact on Air Quality in Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova). We have focused our analysis on the last three years (May 2018 – July 2020) and specifically on the impact of the COVID-19 spring lock down period (March-May 2020). what did we find?
Satellite data helps identify and verify pollution hotspots
The “usual suspects” standout on all visualizations. We can visually identify hotspots in Dnipro, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Kryvyi Rih, Kyiv, Mariupol, and Zaporizhzhya. These cities are known for their heavy industry and poor air quality and thus appear in the negative air quality rankings each year. We have also tried to track down the biggest polluters (as per official state statistics) and have found that their geolocation largely corresponds with NO2 hotspots. In some cases the visualization shows that such emitters have a more significant impact than other sources of pollution in each particular region.
Particulate matter – the far-reaching dust we breath
At the national level, the average annual concentration of PM2.5 of 10 μg/m3 was reached or exceeded in 16 out of 36 months we monitored. The cities with the highest concentration of PM10 are usually Kryvyi Rih, where the value was exceeded more than 200 times during the study period, and Mariupol, where the value was exceeded more than 400 times. The animation below shows how far can the dust be taken by wind from the source of origin.
Seasons of pollution
During the cold season, people with heart or lung disease have a higher risk of complications. In winter on the territory of Ukraine, there is almost a tenfold increase in the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide compared to the summer period. This can be explained by reduced precipitation and almost no vegetation.
Carbon monoxide emissions are highest in April, and this can probably be explained by the active burning of dry vegetation in rural areas. A small increase in carbon monoxide concentrations is also observed each year in September.
https://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/blog/2021/the-air-we-breathe.html
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Regions hold the key to cleaner air in Ukraine: Oblast strategies are being prepared right now
2021
Across Europe, the number of deaths caused by air pollution has steadily declined in recent decades. And yet air pollution levels, especially in cities, are still dangerously high (1, 2). Ukrainian oblasts got a new instrument in 2019 to protect their inhabitants, following the EU model. How the regional air pollution management plans are being prepared and what the main obstacles behind them are form the subject of a new study (3), published by the Clean Air for Ukraine Project (4). The authors urge an improvement of air pollution monitoring and the involvement of the public, including universities, in drafting regional strategies (5).
https://arnika.org/en/news/regions-hold-the-key-to-cleaner-air-in-ukraine-oblast-strategies-are-being-prepared-right-now
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Monitoring of air pollution near Rivneazot carried out 24/7, no threats detected
July 21, 2021
As of July 21 morning, in the area of Rivne chemical plant of Rivneazot PJSC, where an accident occurred the day before and chemicals (nitrogen oxide) got into the air, there is no threat to the population and the environment. Monitoring of the state of air in the environment is carried out around the clock, the State Emergency Service said.
“Monitoring of the state of air in the environment is carried out around the clock. As of 6:00 on July 21, there is no threat to the population and the environment,” the service said on its website on July 21 morning.
As reported, Rivneazot reported an emergency at the plant on Tuesday – depressurization of the pipeline in the nitric acid production shop, which resulted in a one-time release of nitrous gases in an insignificant amount on the territory of the plant.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine confirmed the information about the absence of victims and injured people.
According to the State Emergency Service, the concentration of gas in the air formed as a result of a leak at the Rivneazot mineral fertilizer plant on Tuesday is five times lower than the level dangerous for humans, and there is no threat to the environment as a result of the incident. “According to the laboratory center, the dangerous level of gas is 5 mg per cubic meter of air. At the time of the gas leak it was 1 mg per cubic meter,” the service said.
According to Roman Safonov, chief sanitary doctor of Rivne region, the indicators of atmospheric air pollution in Rivne after a gas leak at the Rivneazot mineral fertilizer plant are normal.
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Effect of atmospheric technogenic emissions on health indicators of child population
2018
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29786584/
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Air pollution over European Russia and Ukraine under the hot summer conditions of 2010
24 December 2011
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001433811060168
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Risk Assessment for the Population of Kyiv, Ukraine as a Result of Atmospheric Air Pollution
March 01 2020
https://meridian.allenpress.com/jhp/article/10/25/200303/445357/Risk-Assessment-for-the-Population-of-Kyiv-Ukraine
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Kiev Ukraine January 2020 Pollution air from industrial smoking pipes from thermal station Emission of harmful substances into atmosphere Modern global warming Ecological problems
https://allfootage.net/Kiev-Ukraine-January-2020-Pollution-air-from-industrial-smoking-pipes-from-thermal-station-Emission-of-harmful-substances-into-atmosphere-Modern-global-warming-Ecological-problems
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Ozone Air Pollution in the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains and Kiev Region
1998
https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr166/psw_gtr166_002_blum.pdf
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The green infrastructure within the framework of a compact city concept (by example of Kyiv)
2021-07-17
https://geology-dnu.dp.ua/index.php/GG/article/view/812
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Air Pollution And The Effects On Ukraine
https://educheer.com/essays/air-pollution-and-the-effects-on-ukraine/
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Air Pollution in Ukraine from space
2020
Study based on the Copernicus Sentinel 5p satellite imagery and quality-controlled air pollution data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service
https://cleanair.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cleanair.org.ua-air-pollution-in-ukraine-from-space-ukraine-space-en-final-web.pdf
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Air pollution by allergenic spores of the genus Alternaria in the air of central and eastern Europe
2015 Jan 17
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4473279/
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Lethal air pollution with no responsibility. The people of Bosnia and Herzegovina lack information and efficient protection by law
17 June 2019
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91 attacks on Ukrainian Army positions in the last 24 hours, 6 soldiers wounded
2016
http://lugansk-news.com/91-attacks-on-ukrainian-army-positions-in-the-last-24-hours-6-soldiers-wounded/
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BREAKING: Russian forces blow up a military airbase in Lutsk.
11 March 2022
https://euroweeklynews.com/2022/03/11/military-airbase-lutsk/
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Russia strikes new cities in Ukraine: Why the attack moving west is worrisome
March 11, 2022
Russia has targeted new cities – Lutsk near the Polish border, Ivano-Frankivsk in the west, and Dnipro in central-eastern Ukraine. Civilians, who have been displaced within the country, have mostly fled toward the west
https://www.firstpost.com/world/russia-ukraine-conflict-attack-new-cities-poland-border-lutsk-dnipro-10451821.html
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Fakes of the war in Ukraine fact-checked by Joscha Weber
01.03.2022
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to many false or misleading videos and pictures on social media. What is real and what is fake? Fact-checker Joscha Weber explains.
https://www.dw.com/en/fakes-of-the-war-in-ukraine-fact-checked-by-joscha-weber/av-60959793
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Section 11: Landfills
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Landfilling in Ukraine – current state of problems
November 2012
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263352121_Landfilling_in_Ukraine_-_current_state_of_problems
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Map of official landfills in Ukraine
https://lfg-baltic.beic.nu/Resources/Landfill_gas_03_Hennadiy_Zhuk.pdf
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Monitoring of the Influence of Landfills on the Atmospheric Air Using Bioindication Methods on the Example of the Zhytomyr Landfill, Ukraine
2021.06.0
http://www.jeeng.net/pdf-137446-65151?filename=Monitoring%20of%20the.pdf
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Landfill Outside Kiev A Toxic Nightmare For Local Residents
December 3, 2021
https://www.barrons.com/news/landfill-outside-kiev-a-toxic-nightmare-for-local-residents-01638556217
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Municipal Solid Waste in Ukraine: DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL
https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/24f11a48-d7a0-4970-9bd1-37ff9244f60e/21.+Municipal+Solid+Waste+in+Ukraine+DEVELOPMENT+POTENTIAL+Scenarios+for+developing+the+municipal+solid+waste+management+sector+.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=lNpD-tO
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Ukraine drowning in landfills
06.12.2021
There are over 6,000 landfills across Ukraine. And there’s only one incinerator which was built when the country was part of the Soviet Union.
https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-drowning-in-landfills/av-60037918
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Ukraine – environmental pollution, recycling, alternative energy sources.
2010
https://sites.google.com/site/westcitycarukraine/word-of-the-week/soobseniebezzagolovka
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Waste Management in Ukraine Opportunities for Dutch Companies
October 05, 2018
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‘Alarming’ toxic dust levels near car recycling in Wallonia
7 February 2020
https://www.brusselstimes.com/93926/alarming-toxic-dust-levels-produced-by-car-recycling-in-wallonia
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Assessment of the Condition of Pine Plantations in the Area of Influence of Municipal Waste Landfills on the Example of the Zhytomyr Landfill, Ukraine
2021.08.01
http://www.ecoeet.com/pdf-139411-67479?filename=Assessment%20of%20the.pdf
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Monitoring of the Influence of Landfills on the Atmospheric Air Using Bioindication Methods on the Example of the Zhytomyr Landfill, Ukraine
2021
http://www.jeeng.net/Monitoring-of-the-Influence-of-Landfills-on-the-Atmospheric-Air-Using-Bioindication,137446,0,2.html
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Concern over alleged toxic waste deal with Kiev
09/13/2011
https://english.radio.cz/concern-over-alleged-toxic-waste-deal-kiev-8560524
As the Czech government debates a controversial eco-tender on the clean-up of environmental pollution caused under the communist regime, the daily Právo has published a surprising story. Over 100 barrels of the toxic substance beryllium are reportedly being loaded on trucks in Kiev, Ukraine to be transported to a secret destination in the Czech Republic.
Under the communist regime factories often stored toxic waste as circumstances allowed, until it could be transported to a toxic storage site. For years a factory producing equipment for Russian nuclear submarines in Kiev, Ukraine, did what many other large suppliers in Russia’s satellite states did –they sent the toxic waste to Russia to be buried at one of the toxic storage facilities set up without question. In this case it was a storage facility near the city of Leningrad. However after 1978 Russia stopped taking the toxic waste and the factory started storing it in its own backyard –out in the open –in sealed containers. The factory is long closed but for the past twenty years the Kiev administration has been looking for a way to get rid of the pile of beryllium which local media describe as a ticking time bomb.
Now the Kiev town hall says it has found a solution. It reportedly commissioned the Israeli firm SIGroup Consort Ltd to find a means of getting rid of the waste and claims that a contract was signed with an entity in the Czech Republic which had agreed to take over the waste for the equivalent of 29 million crowns. According to the local media the waste is ready for transport to an unknown destination in the Czech Republic and should set off in a number of days. The route and destination are being kept under wraps for security reasons…
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Toxic pollution in Crimea: Kiev and Moscow stuck in blame game
04/10/2018
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Material Flow Analysis of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Ukraine
2021
http://www.jeeng.net/Material-Flow-Analysis-of-Waste-Electrical-and-Electronic-Equipment-in-Ukraine,141571,0,2.html
ABSTRACT
The composition of widespread electronic devices (mobile phone, computer mouse, keyboard, web-camera, monitor) was studied by manual dismantling. The material flow analysis was done for e-waste components. For the case study of Ukraine, five devices under investigation contain over 4 thousand tons / year resources. Most of them (first of all, plastic and metal) can be easily recovered. The content of chemical elements in the components of the electronic devices was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Taking into account the mass of electronic waste generated in Ukraine, the resource potential of metals is estimated. Most of metals are concentrated in mobile phones and monitors (about 2000 tons/year). Apart from common metals, silver, molybdenum, vanadium, rubidium, zirconium, antimony, yttrium, rhodium, bismuth, and gallium were also found.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls: Hazardous properties and environmentally sound management in Ukraine
2020-03-04
https://medicine.dp.ua/index.php/med/article/view/591
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Dangerous properties of polychlorinated biphenyls and environmentally sound management of PCB in Ukraine
January 2020
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342128522_Dangerous_properties_of_polychlorinated_biphenyls_and_environmentally_sound_management_of_PCB_in_Ukraine
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Living and working on Georgia’s largest garbage dump
27.10.2021
Environmentalists fear pollution from the Gonio landfill is seeping into the air, soil and waters of the Black Sea. But government plans to close it have left many waste pickers worrying about an uncertain future.
https://www.dw.com/en/living-and-working-on-georgias-largest-garbage-dump/a-59570389
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DESTRUCTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ENTERPRISES
2015
Abstract. Theoretical and practical aspects of environmental impact caused by entrepreneurial activities in Ukraine have been researched in the following article. The extent of impact has been determined according to the industry type, and the major emission sources have been closely analyzed. Particular consideration has been given to the issue concerning waste generation and disposal, with the main ways of addressing it being suggested. The author has also defined methods to reduce the negative environmental impact which will allow boosting social responsibility of Ukrainian manufacturers.
Keywords: environment, environmental impact, anthropogenic impact, pollution, pollutant emissions, waste, waste management, water resources pollution, water contamination emissions.
http://advancedscience.org/2015/6/009-013.pdf
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Physical properties of soils as a component of the characteristics of forest-growing conditions in the steppe zone of Ukraine
2017-04-04
https://en.dp.ua/index.php/en/article/view/12
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Salinity of Quaternary sediments and halophytes at Starunia palaeontological site and vicinity (Carpathian region, Ukraine)
2009
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/191501
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SIGNIFICANCE OF CROP YIELD WHEN SALINITY COEXISTENCEPRINCIPLE BE APPLIED IN MANY LEVELS OF SOIL SALINITY
2019
https://1library.net/document/qo38223k-significance-crop-yield-salinity-coexistenceprinciple-applied-levels-salinity.html
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Soil salinity problems
9 December, 2021
https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=343422
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Training on soil salinity in Ukraine
https://www.fao.org/global-soil-partnership/resources/highlights/detail/en/c/1073283/
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Handbook for saline soil management: Eurasian Soil Partnership implementation plan
Jul 18, 2018
https://books.google.com/books/about/Handbook_for_saline_soil_management.html?id=w2xlDwAAQBAJ
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Salinity Management for Fine Textured Soils
October 18, 2015
https://thealmonddoctor.com/salinity-management-for-fine-textured-soils/
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Soil salinity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as irrigation and road salt.
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The threat of soil salinity: A European scale review
2016
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969716318794
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Soil Health Practices Revive Salinity Areas Regenerating Dead Zones
Jul 24, 2020
https://www.yankton.net/neighbors/article_02aafcc8-ce19-11ea-bb07-eba724507558.html
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Understanding how salinity damages wheat and barley crops
https://www.uwa.edu.au/projects/understanding-how-salinity-damages-wheat-and-barley-crops
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WATERLOGGING AND SOIL SALINITY
https://www.icid.org/res_drg_soilsal.html
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Salt Regime of Soils Under Drip Irrigation
02 June 2021
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-68394-8_20
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Soil erosion is hastened by the absence of root
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p2rviem2/Soil-erosion-is-hastened-by-the-absence-of-root-systems-as-a-result-of-lack-of/
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Top 12 Soil Problems of the World
https://theconstructor.org/case-study/top-soil-problems/294018/
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12 Soil Health Takeaways From the Inaugural DIRT Workshop
12/13/2019
Boost soil carbon with cover crops, reduced tillage, and livestock.
https://www.agriculture.com/news/12-soil-health-takeaways-from-the-inaugural-dirt-workshop
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Status of Soil Pollution in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and central Asia
https://www.fao.org/3/cb4894en/online/src/html/chapter-07-3.html
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Ukrainian Soil Properties
General information
https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/projects/esoter/Danube/Presentations/c%20-%20Ukraine%20-%20Tetiana%20Laktionova%20-%201-UA_5-6feb_Ispra-S.pdf
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Post-irrigation State of Black Soils in South-Western Ukraine
22 June 2021
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-72224-1_27
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Status of Black Soils in Ukraine
Sep. 26, 2018
https://www.slideshare.net/ExternalEvents/status-of-black-soils-in-ukraine
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How fertile is ukrainian soil?
https://jacanswers.com/how-fertile-is-ukrainian-soil/
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Forest plantation productivity – soil interactions within Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine: effects of pH and cations
2020
https://www.academia.edu/44887005/Forest_plantation_productivity_soil_interactions_within_Western_Forest_Steppe_of_Ukraine_effects_of_pH_and_cations
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The Characterization of Ukrainian Volcanic Tuffs from the Khmelnytsky Region with the Theoretical Analysis of Their Application in Construction and Environmental Technologies
December 2021
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357027428_The_Characterization_of_Ukrainian_Volcanic_Tuffs_from_the_Khmelnytsky_Region_with_the_Theoretical_Analysis_of_Their_Application_in_Construction_and_Environmental_Technologies
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§ 11. Tectonic structure (textbook)
SECTION II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES CONDITIONS AND UKRAINE
https://geomap.com.ua/en-g8/864.html
____________________________SILICON CONTENT, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS OF THE KHMELNYTSKY REGION OF UKRAINE
January 2020
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Soil Degradation in Central and Eastern Europe
2000
https://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2000_05.pdf
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Mapping soil erosion using magnetic susceptibility. A case study in Ukraine
March 2014
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SolED…6..831N/abstract
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Soil protection from erosion on the local level in Kharkiv region, Ukraine
May 28, 2019
https://www.slideshare.net/ExternalEvents/soil-protection-from-erosion-on-the-local-level-in-kharkiv-region-ukraine
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Soil Management in Ukraine: Responding to Environmental Degradation
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40869075
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Economics of soil erosion in Ukraine
May 2019
Conference: Global Symposium on Soil ErosionAt: Rome
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336832107_Economics_of_soil_erosion_in_Ukraine
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Economics of soil erosion: case study of Ukraine
2021-12-20
https://are-journal.com/are/article/view/476
Abstract
Purpose. The main objective of this paper is (і) to determinate the economic loss due to crop productivity loss caused by soil erosion in Ukraine, and (іі) to present the results of the econometric modeling of soil erosion impact on the efficiency crop production at the regional and district level.
Methodology / approach. This study uses the following methods: expert assessments and monographic (for the assessment of economic losses due to crop productivity loss from spreading soil erosion); graphical (for building three-dimensional graphs); econometric modeling (to develop a mathematical model of the dependence of the gross crop production and income from sales per 100 hectares from the share of eroded arable land in its total area and production costs in crop industry per 100 hectares); abstract-and-logical (for generalization of the research results). To solve the assigned tasks, linear and quadratic econometric models (production functions) were developed using a dataset (і) from 168 observations (on the example of Ukrainian regions for 2010–2016) and (ii) from 189 observations (on the example of districts of Kharkiv region for 2010–2016). This study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that the increase in the area of eroded arable land has a negative effect on the gross output of crop production.
Results. Our expert assessment of economic losses due to crop productivity loss from spread of soil erosion on agricultural land in Ukraine is 224 mln USD. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis about the negative relationship between gross crop output and the level of land erosion. The obtained data confirm that an increase in the area of eroded arable land by 1 % leads to a decrease in the gross output of crop production by 0.20 % per 100 hectares of agricultural land in total, and in the third group of the studied subjects (the share of eroded arable land in their total area is more than 50 %) – by 0.61 %, respectively.
Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time, linear and nonlinear (quadratic) econometric models were developed, which made it possible to carry out quantitative assessment of the impact of the soil erosion and the financial support (production costs in crop industry) per hectare on the formation of the financial results (gross crop output and income) of business entities in Ukrainian agriculture. The provision on the economics of soil erosion was further developed in terms of expert assessment of losses from this type of degradation and confirmation of the effect of the economic law of diminishing returns, which should be taken into account when developing measures for sustainable land management.
Practical value / implications. The main results of the study can be used for the development, substantiation and implementation of soil protection measures for the sustainable use of agricultural land and/or to informed decision-making at different levels of management concerning restoration of eroded land.
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Mapping soil erosion using magnetic susceptibility. A case study in Ukraine
: 12 March 2014
https://se.copernicus.org/preprints/6/831/2014/sed-6-831-2014.pdf
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Magnetic methods in tracing soil erosion, Kharkov Region, Ukraine
03 November 2018
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11200-018-0803-1
Abstract
Magnetic measurements of soils are an effective research tool in assessing soil erosion. This approach is based on detecting layers showing different magnetic properties in vertical soil profiles and lateral catenas. The objective of this research is to compile data on magnetic susceptibility (MS) of soils in Eastern Ukraine to assess the soil erosion rates. The chernozems of Tcherkascy Tishki (Kharkov Region, Ukraine) have undergone a field crop rotation without proper soil conservation technologies being applied. We conducted an intrinsic element grouping of the magnetic susceptibility values and demonstrated that they can be used as MS cartograms in soil erosion mapping. The study showed a strong correlation between the MS values and the erosion index. MS and the erosion index were found to correlate with the humus content. Magnetic mineralogical analyses suggest the presence of highly magnetic minerals (magnetite and maghemite) as well as weakly magnetic goethite, ferrihydrite, and hematite. Stable pseudosingle-domain (PSD), single-domain (SD), and superparamagnetic (SP) grains of pedogenic origin dominate in the studied chernozems. Being an effective, quick and low cost alternative, magnetic methods can be successfully used in the soil erosion investigations.
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Ukraine Soil Erosion Newswire
Mar 3, 2022
https://soilerosion.einnews.com/country/ukraine
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Gigantic 100-metre sinkhole leaves Ukrainian villagers terrified after reports it has swallowed up homes and looks likely to get even BIGGER
29 April 2015
Residents demand government action to prevent their homes vanishing
Terrified teenager: ‘It’s scary. Our entire village can disappear at any stage’
Crater understood to have been caused by collapse of nearby salt mine
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3060882/Gigantic-100-metre-sinkhole-leaves-Ukrainian-villagers-terrified-reports-swallowed-homes-looks-likely-BIGGER.html
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Mother leads her terrified children to safety seconds before the ground between their feet cracks and collapses into a deep sinkhole caused by heavy rain and floods
24 June 2020
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8455645/Mother-leads-children-safety-ground-collapses-deep-sinkhole.html
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Monstrous Sinkhole Terrorizes Residents of Solotvino, Ukraine
April 30, 2015
https://strangesounds.org/2015/04/monstrous-sinkhole-terrorizes-residents-of-solotvino-ukraine.html
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Ukraine Soil Profile
https://sites.google.com/site/ukrainesoilprofile/soil-types/soil-issues
With agriculture production comes erosion, and for Ukraine this is a trend that could be detrimental to their crop production. During the time when the Soviets controlled the land, the amount of soil erosion and nutrients lost had increased greatly. Research was done in the Donbass region of Ukraine to study soil erosion and loss in row crop yield. The Donbass region is the area in the western part of the country that borders with Russia. This region is part of the “black soil” land that is so fertile for agriculture. According to the research conducted by the National Agrarian University in Kiev, Ukraine, losses in crop yields in this region due to soil erosion can be estimated around 10-60%.This can be a very damaging statistic for a country that uses over half of its land area for agriculture. The research concluded that insufficient attention to erosion control has already caused a great loss of fertile soil of cultivated lands. They also concluded that using older soil maps along with technology and soil conservation practices, that soil loss can be slowed.
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Soil resources management at Ukraine
2014
https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/InternationalCooperation/ESP/Presentations2014/ESP2014-EuropeanPolicies-Baliuk-ResourcesUkraine.pdf
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Soil Erosion Induced Degradation of Agrolandscapes in Ukraine: Modeling, Computation and Prediction in Conditions of the Climate Changes
2009
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2283-7_21
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What has caused erosion in eastern europe brainly?
12/7/2021
https://answeregy.com/what/what-has-caused-erosion-in-eastern-europe-brainly.php
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Benefits of conservation agriculture in Ukraine. A way forward to reverse land degradation by limiting erosion.
Oct 1, 2014
https://www.apk-inform.com/en/exclusive/topic/1036288
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Ukraine – Soil fertility to strengthen climate resilience : preliminary assessment of the potential benefits of conservation agriculture : Main report (English)
Jan 2014
Highly favourable agro-ecological conditions and an advantageous geographical location give Ukrainian agriculture its competitive edge Ukraine is renowned as the breadbasket of Europe thanks to its black soils (“Chernozem” black because of the high organic matter content) which offer exceptional agronomic conditions…
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ukraine-soil-erosion-is-visible-from-satellites_fig18_312136260
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Bioremediation for Contaminated Soil: Phytoremediation and Mycoremediation
July 16, 2011
https://holisticradioprotection.wordpress.com/2011/07/16/bioremediation/
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Assessment of mutagenic activity of toxic waste polygon (Kalush) soil’s chemical pollution by the level of cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L.
September 2020
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346801748_Assessment_of_mutagenic_activity_of_toxic_waste_polygon_Kalush_soil’s_chemical_pollution_by_the_level_of_cytogenetic_disorders_in_Triticum_aestivum_L
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Toxic Soil Contamination and Its Mitigation in Ukraine
20 January 2017
Abstract
From the days of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited many abandoned stores of pesticide and herbicide, their use-by dates long expired, and dumps of toxic waste. These sites are health hazards and a serious factor for regional environmental instability, polluting soils and water resources. Impetus for dealing with them came with ratification, in 2004, of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) aimed at reducing and phasing-out particularly toxic compounds, and the National Plan for the Stockholm Convention on POPs (2011). Four thousand five hundred dumps of obsolete pesticides and waste products were recorded in Ukraine in 2010; by the end of 2014, these had been cut to 1033. Details are given of the state of hazardous waste from the organochlorine plant operated in Kalush in western Ukraine that illustrates examples of successful removal and disposal of large amounts of toxic wastes but, still, many unresolved issues.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-45417-7_18
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Soil Contamination Mapping with Hyperspectral Imagery: Pre- Dnieper Chemical Plant (Ukraine) Case Study
August 1st, 2018
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/58800
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Section 12: Farms
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Ukraine agribusiness firms in ‘quiet land grab’ with development finance
30 Jul 2015
Hundreds of millions of dollars in funding from World Bank’s private lending arm used to expand industrial farms amid mounting concern about local effects
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jul/30/ukraine-agribusiness-firms-quiet-land-grab-development-finance
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Charges brought against development banks over half a billion euros for Ukraine’s largest agribusiness firm
5 June 2018
Prague, Kyiv, San Francisco – Three communities in the central Ukraine region of Vinnytsia have filed formal grievances at the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, alleging that the industrial poultry giant Myronivsky Hliboproduct (MHP) has failed to ensure basic transparency regarding the environmental and health impacts at its ‘largest poultry farm in Europe’.
https://bankwatch.org/press_release/charges-brought-against-development-banks-over-half-a-billion-euros-for-ukraine-s-largest-agribusiness-firm
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Ukraine Ag Minister: Dairy Farmers Will Fight for Their Farms
Mar 4, 2022
A Lancaster Farming Exclusive Interview
https://www.lancasterfarming.com/news/main_edition/ukraine-ag-minister-dairy-farmers-will-fight-for-their-farms/article_dac6a8ca-9c06-11ec-961b-cf13da07b3f0.html
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“Large farms to boost Ukraine’s dairy sector”
23-07-2015
https://www.dairyglobal.net/general/large-farms-to-boost-ukraines-dairy-sector/
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Modeling background nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (case study – the Desna river basin)
2021
https://www.earthdoc.org/content/papers/10.3997/2214-4609.20215K2050
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European countries take actions against nitrogen pollution
2020
https://wilderness-society.org/european-countries-take-actions-against-nitrogen-pollution/
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Problems of nitrate water pollution in poltava region
2018
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30099420/
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INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE WATER BODIES POLTAVA REGION
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Ukrainian villagers stand against industrial farming
https://bankwatch.org/ukrainian-villagers-stand-against-industrial-farming
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Problematic MHP poultry farms in Cherkassy region
2018
Industrial chicken farming in Ukraine, led by the agroholding MHP, is concentrated into four main areas. In the Cherkassy region the company belonging to the oligarch Yuriy Kosyuk runs tens of different business premises, from poultry rearing facilities through slaughterhouses to meat processing plants. In the region there have been several cases of the persecution of activists; the best-known case was the beating-up of the mayor of the village of Yasnozeriya, Vasyl Tkachenko. In 2015 he was beaten up in his office by boxers from Vinnytsia. This is an eloquent consequence of the fact that he is one of the leading activists against MHP in the region and succeeded in defending the village against the construction of another poultry rearing facility.
Industrial farming is one of the most polluting and harmful industrial sectors in general. Industrial farming worldwide produces as many emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as the entire car traffic in all the countries of the world. Besides this, the close surroundings of the farms, slaughterhouses, meat processing plants, and all the other facilities suffer from dustiness, smells, water and soil pollution, and heavy traffic. The most visible and clearest examples of such negative consequences can be found in Ukraine in the regions where MHP operates.
Similarly to other regions, in Cherkassy too MHP controls every stage of the chicken meat production cycle. One of the biggest problems caused in this region by intensive poultry farming is water pollution, and there is a lack of water in general. The villagers have problems obtaining quality water for their gardens and fields; in the village of Pshenychnyky, MHP’s grain producer Urozhai co-financed a water supply project for the villagers. So far, the water provided from this project has not been drinkable. Such social projects, which do not fulfil the villagers’ visions of what was promised by the company, are typical of the regions where MHP operates.
In the manure storage close to Kozarivka, where some of the poultry rearing facilities and slaughterhouses are also located, tons of manure are stored, part of which lies freely on the ground and creates a danger of nitrate pollution.
The villages in this region that are most affected are located around the town of Chyhyryn; some positive examples are the cases of the villages of Yasnozeriya and Moschny, where the villagers endeavoured to blockade new constructions.
In July, Arnika and Ekodia organized a fact-finding mission to this region connected with a whole-day workshop in Cherkassy. We will report the results soon on our website.
https://arnika.org/en/hotspots/ukraine/cherkassy-region
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ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SOIL CONDITION OF CHERKASY REGION
2021
https://visnyk-unaus.udau.edu.ua/en/arxv-nomerv/2021/n2-2022/ekololichna-ocinka-stanu-gruntu-v-cherkaskij-oblasti.html
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ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF URBAN SOILS IN CHERKASSY
2016
https://er.chdtu.edu.ua/bitstream/ChSTU/546/1/ACID-BASE%20PROPERTIES%20OF%20URBAN%20SOILS%20IN%20CHERKASSY.pdf
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Life in Vinnytsia is highly affected by massive chicken industry
30. 03. 2017
https://arnika.org/en/news/life-in-vinnytsia-is-highly-affected-by-massive-chicken-industry
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The largest poultry farm in Europe burdens Ukraine
15. 04. 2017
https://arnika.org/en/hotspots/ukraine/vinnytsia-region
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MONITORING OF SOILS POLLUTION BY HEAVY METALS IN SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH PLOT IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND RECEARCH FARM «AGRONOMICHNE» OF THE VINNITSIA NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY
2019-2-2
http://forestry.vsau.org/en/particles/monitoring-of-soils-pollution-by-heavy-metals-in-scientific-and-research-plot-in-the-educational-and-recearch-farm-agronomichne-of-the-vinnitsia-national-agrarian-university
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Air Pollution with Heavy Metals Compounds in Vinnytsia Region, Ukraine
https://www.academia.edu/52922792/Air_Pollution_with_Heavy_Metals_Compounds_in_Vinnytsia_Region_Ukraine
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Air pollution level in the city Vinnytsia
http://api.savednipro.org/en/maps/vinnytsia
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Pollution in Vinnytsia, Ukraine
https://www.numbeo.com/pollution/in/Vinnytsya-Ukraine
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Hazardous chemicals pollute Ros River in Vinnytsia region after road accident
09.06.19
The authorities have issued alerts as the river flow appears to be pulling insecticide-contaminated water toward Kyiv region’s Bila Tserkva where household water supplies have already been shut down.
https://www.unian.info/society/10580058-hazardous-chemicals-pollute-ros-river-in-vinnytsia-region-after-road-accident.html
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In Ukraine, the case was filed on the fact of pollution of the Ros River with chemicals
6/9/2019
https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2019-06-09—in-ukraine–the-case-was-filed-on-the-fact-of-pollution-of-the-ros-river-with-chemicals-.BkxowpAcCE.html
A criminal case was opened in Ukraine over the fact that the Ros River was polluted with chemicals, the press service of the National Police informs.
“On the fact of water pollution in the village of Zbarzhevka of the Pogrebishchensky district, which is a tributary of the Ros River… Criminal proceedings were opened on the grounds of the crime provided for by part 1 of article 242 (” Violation of water protection rules “) of the Criminal Code of Ukraine,” the official site departments.
It is noted that this crime may result in a sentence of imprisonment for up to five years.
Earlier, the mayor of Belaya Tserkov, Gennady Dikiy, said that the region he headed and Uman will be disconnected from the water supply on June 9 due to the pollution of the Ros River.
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Section 13: Pyramid Technology
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Crimean Prehistoric pyramid technology the cause of Russian Reclaim of her historic territory?
What is the cause of the Russian sudden move on Crimea after federating it in 1954 and surrendering it to Ukraine in 1991. Many suspect that a new ancient advanced technology inside the underground pyramid found in 2012 by Dr.Gokh near Sebastopol.
http://www.eppf.net/5778/crimean-prehistoric-pyramid-technology-the-cause-of-russian-reclaim-of-her-historic-territory/
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Is This The Cause of War? Oldest Pyramid On Earth Found Buried In Crimea, Ukraine!
Mar 3, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aNLvFKPvPc
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Merheleva Ridge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merheleva_Ridge
Merheleva Ridge is the site of an Eneolithic temple and burial complex consisting primarily of four large stone mounds or kurgans situated near Perevalsk, Luhansk oblast, Ukraine, about 30 km to the west-to-southwest of the city of Luhansk. Its name is Ukrainian adaptation of word marlstone which is a type of limestone common in the region. Supposedly the site was built in about 4000 BC, corresponding to the Dnieper-Donets or early Yamna culture, and remained in use throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age, until 5th century BC Sarmatia. It was discovered in 2004, and the discovery officially announced on 7 September 2006.
The site was discovered in 2004 by school children participating in an archaeology camp organised by Alchevsk history teacher Vladimir Paramonov, who has been organising expeditions of schoolchildren to the hill range since 1995.
It is believed that much of the site was constructed about 3000 BC, in the early Bronze Age. The site is believed to be a complex of temples and sacrificial altars topping a hill with sides sculpted into steps.
Viktor Klochko, the archaeologist in charge of the dig site and deputy Minister of Science of the Tourism and Protection of Cultural Heritage Department of the Lugansk regional administration, said that the discovery was of international significance as the first monument of its kind found in Eastern Europe:
Misidentification as pyramid and clarification
Initial reports indicated that archaeologists had discovered a pyramidal structure.
Klochko blamed the press: “I’m not sure where the pyramid idea came from – the media got it wrong,” says Klochko. “We didn’t find anything like an Egyptian pyramid. Though the site is on a hill. But it’s interesting enough in its own right.”
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Landmarks of Ukraine
Inthe village of Lychkivtsi in the Land of Ternopilshchyna you can see a somewhat disturbing piece of sculpture — on a pedestal stands a pillar on the top of which there sits a human head in a helmet but without the lower jaw. There is an inscription on the pedestal but it is impossible to read it because the stone has crumbled away in many places leaving only illegible traces of letters. Local lore has it that it is the monument to a young man who was captured by the Tartars during one of their raids in the times of old, but who erected the monument and when remains unclear. Not far from this monument there is another one that commemorates an epidemic disease that struck the village in the 1830s when hundreds of people died.
The village used to be the estate of the local nobles but now only ruins indicate the spots where the castle, the church and other buildings used to stand.
It was in the village of Lychkivtsi that a pagan idol, the representation of god Svyatovyd, was found in 1848. The reliefs carved on the idol reflect the ancient Slavic view of the Universe.
Pyramids in Ukrainian villages
There are pyramids in Ukraine which, similarly to the Egyptian ones, are tombs.
In the village of Komendantivka, Poltava Oblast, you can see a fifteen-meter high granite pyramid, the tomb of Oleksandr Bilevych and his wife.
Oleksandr Bilevych was a Navy officer and when, in the nineteenth century, he happened to visit Egypt, he was very much impressed by the Great Pyramids at Giza. When he retuned to his native land, he, inspired by what he had seen in Egypt, had a pyramid-shaped-tomb built at his country-side estate. The granite was quarried in the vicinity; for the mortar egg whites and blood of the slaughtered animals were used to improve the mortar’s binding qualities. The sepulcher chambers were connected by corridors. The first to be buried there was Bilevych’s wife, and several years later Bilevych himself joined her in the pyramid.
The nine-meter tall pyramid in the village of Berezova Rudka, Poltava Oblast, is made of brick, rather than granite. The village used to be the estate of the Zakrevsky family. Ihnaty Zakrevsky was ambassador of the Russian Imperial government under Tsar Alexander III to Egypt. Similarly to Bilevych, he was fascinated with the Egyptian pyramids, and upon returning home, he had his own pyramid built. It was not meant to be a tomb though. The pyramid was a decorative architectural landmark, with the interior decorated with murals. The subjects of the murals varied from Biblical scenes to scenes from the Egyptian mythology. There was even an altar inside. The entrance to the pyramid was guarded by the statue of the Egyptian goddess Isida which Zakrevsky had brought from Egypt. The portal carried the image of the Christian cross.
Vandalism and time did not spare the murals or anything else in the pyramids but were powerless to destroy the pyramids themselves.
Learn more at http://ivushka.webservis.ru/Vid_Piramid/Titul.htm
http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20061/118
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Prehistoric Rock Sculptures Discovered in Ukraine: Another Stonehenge?
http://inventorspot.com/articles/prehistoric_rock_sculptures_discovered_ukraine_another_stoneheng_18592
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There’s Something WEIRD About Ukraine! (2014)
Jul 20, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbxVqfVWUXk&feature=youtu.be
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Pyramid near Moscow – Russian Wonder of the World.
http://www.pyramids.ru/english.html
Alexander Golod, who coordinated groups of scientists in Russia, carried out scientific studies for over a decade in fiberglass Pyramids built by him. The results showed significant positive effects for both biological and non-biological materials. The largest Pyramid built by Alexander Golod in Russia is 44 meters (144 feet) high and weights 55 tons.
Some of the scientific results of previous studies with Golden Section Pyramids built by Alexander Golod show:
The Immune system of organisms increased upon exposure in the pyramid (Scientific Research Institute named by Mechnikov, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences);
Specific properties of medicines increase with decreasing side effects after exposure in the Pyramid (SRI of Virology named by Ivanovskiy, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences);
Agricultural seeds placed in the pyramid showed a 30-100% increase in yield;
Russian military radar detected an energy column above the Pyramids built by Alexander Golod which is thought to have repaired the Ozone layer in Russia (the same can be done for example in Australia);
The pathogenic strength of different viruses and bacteria becomes less with exposure in the pyramid;
The amount of radioactivity becomes less after exposure in the pyramid.
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Amazing Russian Pyramid Research
http://ten1000things.org/russian-pyramid-power/
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Pyramid Hill of the Lake Baikal, Russia
In 2007 an architect and scholar of the Irkutsk State Technical University Lubov Makogon visited with her student Port Baikal, a little fisher port town on western Baikal lakeshore where she noted an unusual hill with four visible sides oriented to the North. The hill in height of 80 meters with the width of the base in 170 meters located in the center of Baikal Port close to the lakeshore and had a perspective view from the lake and mouth of the Angara river.
Being a Member of the Russian Union of the Architects Lubov Makagon made observation that this pyramid hill is only one hill in all that area with four visible pyramidal sides and four edges of the sides getting interesting connections with surrounding hills. In 2012 she visited again Port Baikal with a group of her students where she found topographic base area and made topographic technical research. This research gave more features that the hill is can be pyramidal construction with direct orientation to the North. More over this pyramid hill has amazing connections with suburb hills which is clear to see on the topographic research made by Lubov Makagon and shared with World-Pyramids.
There are no doubts for professional architect Lubov Makagon that it’s real pyramid on the lakeshore of the Baikal. For further investigation the Baikal pyramid hill need in detail research as the local legends and mythology.
http://world-pyramids.com/en/world-pyramids/europe/pyramid-baikal.html#.VPzKF-G-2zl
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Melted Mountain & Ancient Pyramids Found In Siberia?
Apr 12, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_N3YlUdLQ0
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Melted Mountain & Ancient Pyramids Found In Siberia?
May 22, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvlSR2ODLy8
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The Mysterious Russian Stonehenge
On March 8, 2014
These mysterious stones are found on the Mountain (Gornaya) Shoria in the Kemerov region of Russia. At first they just look like lumps of naturally placed stone, but when investigated a little closer they appear to have been crafted and thoughtfully honed at some point in their distant past…
http://www.lazerhorse.org/2014/03/08/russian-stonehenge/
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Giant Megaliths Found in Siberia Could Be Largest in the World
Mar 23, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kngM_Pz20bw
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Giant Megaliths in Russia
Oct 10, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFOwlZfNTO4
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Here’s a short list of discovered pyramids near Ukraine.
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Bosnian pyramid claims
The Bosnian pyramids are a pseudo-archaeological claim promoted by author Semir Osmanagic, that a cluster of natural hills in central Bosnia and Herzegovina are the largest human-made ancient pyramids on Earth. The hills are located near the town of Visoko, northwest of Sarajevo. Visocica hill, where the old town of Visoki was once sited, came to international attention in October 2005, following a news-media campaign by Osmanagic and his supporters.
Osmanagic states that he has found tunnels, stone blocks and ancient mortar, which he has suggested once covered the Visocica structure. He opened excavations in 2006 which have reshaped the hill, making it look like a stepped pyramid. Geologists, archeologists and other scientists have however concluded, after analysis of the site, its known history, and the excavations, that the hills are natural formations known as flatirons and that there are no signs of human construction involved. The European Association of Archaeologists released a statement calling the pyramid hypothesis a “cruel hoax”.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_pyramid_claims
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Pyramid in Bosnia — Huge Hoax or Colossal Find?
October 28, 2010
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/pyramid-bosnia-1_2.html
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The Mystery of Bosnia’s Ancient Pyramids
An amateur archaeologist says he’s discovered the world’s oldest pyramids in the Balkans. But many experts remain dubious
December 2009
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-mystery-of-bosnias-ancient-pyramids-148990462/?no-ist
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9 Cases That Prove the Existence of Pyramids in Bosnia
http://www.wakingtimes.com/2014/03/03/9-cases-existence-pyramids-bosnia/
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{The following documentary explains the inside of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun}.
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Whats Inside the Bosnian Pyramids ??
Jun 23, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIg7ceRvbYU
The discovery of the Bosnian pyramids takes us back thousands and thousands of years, before what we consider today as the beginning of civilization. The ancient Sumer, Babylon, Akkad, Assyria, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Indian and so on, it’s about 8,000 years (old). The Bosnian pyramids, are all 12,000 years (old), meaning we need to move (the date of) the beginning of advanced civilization. So it’s not just a matter for us adding a couple of chapters in our history books.
For an in depth look at the mystery behind the Bosnian Pyramids and photos this is a great video look at the archaeology. Prehistorical underground tunnel network connects all pyramids, water wells and other significant structures in Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids and runs for tens of kilometres.
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Scientific analysis of the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids
The four-year comprehensive geo-archaeological research points to the existence of huge construction complex in Visoko Valley. This complex is named the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramidsand includes the following structures:- Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (former “Visocica Hill”)- Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon (former “Pljesevica Hill”)- Pyramid of the Bosnian Dragon (former “Buci Hill”)- Temple of Earth (former “Krstac Hill”)- Bosnian Pyramid of Love (former “Cemerac Hill”)- Tumulus in Vratnica (former “Toprakalija Hill” in Vratnica)- Structure “Dolovi” (Vratnica)- Underground tunnel complex “Ravne” (entrance to the tunnel 2.5 km from the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun)- Underground tunnel network “KTK” (entrance to the tunnel 1 km from the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun)
http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/scientific-analysis-of-the-bosnian-valley-of-the-pyramids/
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Bosnian pyramid of the Sun
http://www.bosnianpyramid.com/
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New Bosnian Pyramids Discoveries That No One Is Telling You About
Jun 17, 2019
The Fojnica River winds placidly through the Bosnian Pyramid Complex. What many people don’t know is that the riverbed was built by the ancients who built the pyramid complex. The ancients constructed an entire riverbed and connected it to their structures, creating a megastructure impermeable to erosion – river water is flows on top of the megastructure instead of cutting into individual structures from the side.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsveDYlDzDk
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Faster than Light Scalar Phenomena Detected Above the Bosnian Pyramids
Jul 3, 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=058wdDNy7kw
Serbian electrical engineer Goran Marjanovich measured scalar energy on the top of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun. He and Dr. Sam Osmanagich, discoverer of the of Bosnian Pyramid Complex, have since promoted the idea of a “Cosmic Internet,” which posits that pyramids on planets across the galaxy are communication devices allowing virtually instant communication galaxy wide and beyond. Jock Doubleday’s article “The Scalar Conundrum” examines in detail the phenomenon of scalar waves..
9:00 – Tesla related research
10:30 – Tesla’s “Non-Hertzian” wave & pyramid technology?
10:31 – Fibonacci sequence
11:00 – Energy flow of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun
43:00 – Tesla’s Wardenclyffe tower used similar technology to the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun?
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Bosnian Pyramids & Energy – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 113
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple113
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Greek Pyramids of Hellinikon – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 135
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple135
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‘STAR SHAFTS’ INSIDE ROME PYRAMID! – Pyramid of Romulus – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 244
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple244
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Proof Tesla Discovered The Secret of Ancient Pyramid Builders! – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 230
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple230
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The Hidden Labyrinth, Tesla, The Pyramids, Energy & The Intergalactic Medium – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 245
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple245
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Electromagnetic Power Grid Inside the Pyramids, The Solar Radius & Tesla – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 218
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple218
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WORLD EXCLUSIVE! (CLUE IN OLD-IRISH BOOK!) (Vikings in America) (Kensington Runestone) – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 258
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple258
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Roman/Greek Sacrifice, Moloch, Prometheus, Vulcan, The Eagle of Zeus, The stealing of Fire and knowledge – The Duel of the King of the Grove (Priest of the Goddess Diana) – Sacrificing 3 Persians to Dionysius – 8-Sided Roman Pyramid – ‘STAR SHAFTS’ INSIDE ROME PYRAMID! – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 259
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple259
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Ancient Cauldrons in Siberian Valley of Death Still Unsolved, The Metallic Swaps of Siberia (What is under the Arctic?) – Rock Lake Pyramid – Bimini Road – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 263
https://archive.org/details/solomonstemple263
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What is the Magnificent Royal Kurgan? | Ancient Architects – Ancient Technology – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 840
December 1st, 2021
https://archive.org/details/solomons-temple-840
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Oldest PYRAMIDS In The World Or Mountains?! Kola Peninsula, Russia – Ancient Technology – Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon 841
December 1st, 2021
https://archive.org/details/solomons-temple-841
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The History and Mystery of Russia’s ‘Valley of Death’
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-history-and-mystery-of-russia-s-valley-of-death
A volcanic gorge in remote Kamchatka has given up some of its secrets—but not all of them.
The Kamchatka Peninsula, in Russia’s Far East, is a volcanic winter wonderland. Snow blankets a chain of eruptive mountains here that shower the land with molten fireworks. It is as beautiful as it is biodiverse, with a myriad of aquatic, aerial, and terrestrial species.
But there’s lethal trouble in this chilly paradise. In one of its smaller valleys, animals wander in but not out.
When the snow melts, various critters, from hares to birds, appear in search of food and water. Many die soon thereafter. Predatory scavengers such as wolverines spot an easy dinner; they slink or swoop into the valley—only to die themselves. From lynxes to foxes, eagles to bears, this 1.2-mile-long trough has claimed innumerable victims.
But the killer here is a phantom. The dead, whose corpses are naturally refrigerated and preserved, show no traces of external injuries or diseases that would be responsible for their expirations.
Vladimir Leonov, a volcanologist at Russia’s Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS) who’s recognized by his colleagues as the site’s discoverer, identified the cause of death when he first came across the site, in 1975: It’s the result of a volcanic phenomenon—a common gas that nearly everyone is familiar with.
But while the forensic science has long been clear, unconfirmed stories about the place still abound. Some claim, for instance, that animal corpses are regularly removed from the valley—though no one can say by whom. Another mystery dates back to the mid-1970s. Viktor Deryagin, a student of Leonov’s who helped his instructor discover the valley, says that Soviet military officials, alerted to the valley’s existence, arrived in a helicopter, took some strange samples, and quickly departed. What did they gather and conclude?
Welcome to the Valley of Death, a site that remains as darkly enchanting—and as lethal—as it was when it was discovered 44 years ago.
Fewer than 350,000 people live on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Large portions of the region lack roads. If they existed, you could drive for an entire day and still be walled in by volcanoes. Many of the volcanoes here, like Tolbachik and Sheveluch, are hyperactive, and frequently limn the land in fresh coats of lava paint. Most of Kamchatka is an icy volcanic wilderness—a UNESCO World Heritage Site whose geological curiosities and extraordinary aesthetics compel scientific visitors from around the world.
Janine Krippner, a volcanologist at the Smithsonian Institution’s Global Volcanism Program, recalls lying on a cooled Kamchatkan lava flow, hearing nothing but the small bursts of volcanic gas sneaking out of the ground as birds flew overhead. During her most recent visit, she stood near a freshly chilled lava flow that was still 176° Fahrenheit—hot enough to toast her necklace from several feet away.
“There’s just no place like it,” she says.
With persistence and permission, many places on the peninsula can be accessed. That includes the Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, which contains the relatively youthful (4,800 years old) Kikhpinych volcano. At its feet is the lichen-covered Valley of Geysers, whose bubbling pits shoot pillars of steam hundreds of feet into the azure sky. Discovered in 1941 by geologist Tatyana Ustinova and a scientific observer named Anisifor Krupenin, it remains a site of scientific intrigue that is also open to tourists.
But the Valley of Death—a comparatively quiet and diminutive crevasse, littered with the frozen remains of animals and located near an upper sliver of the Geyzernaya river within the reserve—is one place that is strictly off-limits.
Leonov died in 2016, at age 66, but his son, Andrey Leonov—a researcher at the S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology—is well versed in his father’s adventures. So is his father’s one-time student Deryagin. Deryagin left academia long ago, worked in construction, and is now retired. After Andrey tracked him down on Russian social media, Deryagin recounted previously untold details about his scientific adventure with Leonov four decades ago. Together, both men tell an extraordinary tale of the site’s discovery.
Vladimir Leonov and Deryagin first visited and documented the valley on July 27, 1975. (There is, however, some dispute on the matter. Officials at the reserve acknowledge Leonov’s role in the discovery, but suggest that it was independently found by a man named Vladimir Kalyaev, the chief ranger at the time. Andrey Leonov insists that his father—a modest man more interested in scientific discovery than quibbles about credit—reached the valley, with Deryagin, four days before Kalyaev arrived.)
Prior to that date, a number of people—from employees of the reserve to scientists to tourists—had passed along a trail just 1,000 feet from the ravine. Some had seen collections of dead critters in the valley from time to time, but made no special note of it.
The animal deaths in 1975, though, were hard to ignore: Heavy snowfall had created pits over curious holes in the ground, and a plethora of animals—including five dead bears in one small area—appeared to have died in or around them.
Deryagin says that in Soviet times, geologists were instructed to immediately inform authorities about the mass death of people or animals, using a special radio channel. On July 27, Leonov did just that: He walked to the nearby Valley of Geysers, found a radio box, and called in his report.
The next day, Deryagin says, a military helicopter turned up, carrying a major, two young women (likely laboratory assistants), and a man (perhaps a biologist) who took copious notes . They performed a hasty autopsy on the dead bears, took samples of their flesh and teeth, then flew away.
Leonov and Deryagin performed their own scientific analyses, gathering as much data on the strange location as they could. Writing in the Kamchatskaya Pravda newspaper in the spring of 1976, Leonov described the discovery, coining the term “Valley of Death”—an homage to several lethal valleys around the world, including a volcanic gorge in Arizona and parts of certain volcanic folds in Indonesia. In this segment of Kamchatka, Leonov wrote, borrowing a passage from another writer, “nature seems to have pronounced its curse.” All life is snuffed out in a place that “breathes extermination and devastation.”
Other researchers quickly corroborated his findings. A 1983 paper—whose primary author, Gennady Karpov, is now the deputy director for science at the IVS—says that over a five-year period, rangers from the reserve found the corpses of 13 bears, three wolverines, nine foxes, 86 mice, 19 ravens, more than 40 small birds, a hare, and an eagle.
Like Leonov and Deryagin, a well-known bear researcher named Vitaly Nikolayenko visited the valley in 1975. Before one of the peninsula’s brown bears mauled him to death, in 2003, he published a book that chronicled his scientific work, including the research he’d performed in the valley. Notably, he wrote, many bears here seemed to have been in good health before they died. But the footsteps of one large male indicated that it had been very disoriented before it fell over and suddenly expired.
During one of his visits, Nikolayenko describes experiencing painful cramps in his lungs and acute dizziness, which resolved only after he’d clambered atop a windswept crest. Other visitors have reported similarly woozy sensations here, and accounts by reserve officials note headaches and weakness. (Reports of human deaths here remain unconfirmed, though some suggest that people have perished in the valley).
Nikolayenko also recorded the deaths of 20 foxes, dozens of ravens, and 100 white partridges. The hares and adult birds, he wrote, seemed to have died in springtime and early summer, when the valley’s grasslands were freshly thawed.
Volcanologists and zoologists concluded that the animals that died in the valley usually died quickly, and only on the ground. Their hearts often lacked blood, but their lungs were engorged with it.
They’d suffocated, in other words. And any humans who lingered too long in the Valley of Death—a landscape filled with invisible volcanic gases, either toxic or asphyxiating—probably would too.
(Leonov had surmised that volcanic gases were the killers back in 1976. In the Kamchatskaya Pravda article, he astutely compared the deaths to those seen in volcanic realms elsewhere in the world, including Italy’s “burning fields,” where fumaroles—jets of hot volcanic gas—can create deadly mixtures. Those death pits that caught Leonov and Deryagin’s eyes in 1975? The heavy snowfall had probably walled in and concentrated the life-stealing gases escaping from those fumaroles, leading to denser die-offs).
A range of gases are potentially present in the valley at any time, including sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide—pungent effusions that can damage respiratory systems. Some doses can be lethal, but a human would need to be exposed to a high quantity of them for a long time, says Helen Robinson, a researcher of geothermal systems at the University of Glasgow.
It’s far more likely that the speedy animal deaths in Kamchatka are due to carbon dioxide, a common volcanic gas that is both invisible and odorless. If there is enough of it, Robinson says, death can occur in a matter of minutes. (A grim example of this occurred in 1986 at Lake Nyos in Cameroon, where an uprush of carbon dioxide from the volcanic lake killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock overnight).
Yuri Taran, a volcanologist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico who has studied the Kamchatka region, says that specific outflows of the valley’s gases have not been officially reported. But given that the distinctly eggy smell of hydrogen sulfide is largely absent, carbon dioxide seems the likely culprit.
To Alexey Kiryukhin, a volcanologist at the IVS, the science is actually pretty simple. Carbon dioxide is denser than air; when it emerges from the ground, it pools in the valley’s dips. Small animals, attracted by the available vegetation in the warmer months, breathe it in and asphyxiate. So do the scavengers they attract.
But what happens to all those dead animals? According to a few tourism sites, scientists and volunteers regularly take away the corpses in order to spare rare animals higher up on the food chain from a grisly fate.
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King Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon – Legend
https://solomonstempleinvestigation.blogspot.com
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Section 14: Extra
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Pollution and cleanliness in Kharkiv, Ukraine
https://info-travel.net/pollution/kharkiv-ukraine-pollution/
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Pollution and cleanliness in Zhovkva, Ukraine
https://info-travel.net/pollution/zhovkva-ukraine-pollution/
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ECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE RIVERS IN THE ZHOVKVA DISTRICT OF THE LVIV REGION
23.04.2020
https://science.lpnu.ua/sites/default/files/journal-paper/2020/sep/22210/1.pdf
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Pollution and cleanliness in Ochakiv, Ukraine
https://info-travel.net/pollution/ochakiv-ukraine-pollution/
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Pollution and cleanliness in Rubizhne, Ukraine
https://info-travel.net/pollution/rubizhne-ukraine-pollution/
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Pollution and cleanliness in Ovruch, Ukraine
https://info-travel.net/pollution/ovruch-ukraine-pollution/
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Pollution and cleanliness in Lozova, Ukraine
https://info-travel.net/pollution/lozova-ukraine-pollution/
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Pollution and cleanliness in Sambir, Ukraine
https://info-travel.net/pollution/sambir-ukraine-pollution/
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Pollution and cleanliness in Snovsk, Ukraine
https://info-travel.net/pollution/snovsk-ukraine-pollution/
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Transgenic plants are sensitive bioindicators of nuclear pollution caused by the Chernobyl accident
1999
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9831035/
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How Russia’s War on Ukraine Affects ‘Green’ Aluminum
March 7, 2022
Thirty percent of it is made in Russia and is being replaced with dirty coal-fired aluminum.
https://www.treehugger.com/russia-ukraine-war-affects-green-aluminum-5221119
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Putin’s Carbon Bomb
March 8, 2022
https://systemchangenotclimatechange.org/article/putins-carbon-bomb/
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Multifunctional floodplain management and biodiversity effects: a knowledge synthesis for six European countries
30 May 2016
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-016-1129-3
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Current Issues: Depleted Uranium Trade
(Last Updated March 8th, 2022)
http://www.wise-uranium.org/edisstr.html
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The distribution and history of nuclear weapons related contamination in sediments from the Ob River, Siberia as determined by isotopic ratios of Plutonium, Neptunium, and Cesium
2002
https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/29059____________________________
Radioactive pollution of the Ob river system from urals nuclear enterprise ‘MAJAK’
1994
The Techa river belongs to the Iset-Tobol-Irtysh-Ob river system. Around 1950 the Techa was contaminated with medium and high level radioactive waste from the MAJAK nuclear installation. The total discharge amounted to 100 PBq; 90Sr and 137Cs contributed 11.6% and 12.2% respectively. Presently the Techa contains about 0.3 TBq 90Sr, more than 6 TBq 137Cs and about 8 GBq 239,240Pu. The levels of the radionuclides upstream are several orders of magnitude higher than those expected from global fallout. The activity concentrations decrease exponentially or by power functions with distance. The study has shown that the contamination of the soil of the Techa flood plain is 15–85 times higher than global fallout levels. There is an unexplained radioactive contamination in the Iset river after confluence with the Techa.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0265931X94900094
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Description: Siberia Nuclear Waste
I. Identification
1. The Issue.
In Siberia, 3000 kilometers from Moscow lies the Siberian
Chemical Combine. This facility was part of the Russian nuclear
program since the beginning of the Cold War. After almost 40
years of producing weapons grade nuclear material, the reactors
were shut down and the facility now serves as a storage site for
radioactive material and a uranium enrichment facility. In 1993 an
explosion occurred at the facility contaminating almost 120
kilometer2 of the surrounding province of Tomsk. For the first
time in the accident plagued history of the Soviet/Russian nuclear
program, the Russian Government notified the public of the
incident. However, the cult of nuclear secrecy that permeated the
Soviet Union seems to be re-emerging in the Russian Federation.
Government agencies were embroiled in conflict over how much
information should be released. The information that was not
given, the environmental state of the combine and the Russian
Government’s intent to sell nuclear technology gives cause for
concern to the entire.
http://www1.american.edu/ted/sibnuke.htm
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Radioactive and Other Hazardous Contamination in Arctic Siberia
1996
http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/fukuda.html
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Russia announces enormous finds of radioactive waste and nuclear reactors in Arctic seas
2012
Enormous quantities of decommissioned Russian nuclear reactors and radioactive waste were dumped into the Kara Sea in the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia over a course of decades, according to documents given to Norwegian officials by Russian authorities and published in Norwegian media.
http://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/radioactive-waste-and-spent-nuclear-fuel/2012-08-russia-announces-enormous-finds-of-radioactive-waste-and-nuclear-reactors-in-arctic-seas
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Isolated Criticality: Russia’s Floating Nuclear Power Plants, Concepts and Concerns
Nov. 5, 2010
On 30 June 2010 Russia launched the Academician Lomonosov, a floating barge designed to carry two KLT-40S reactors, crew living quarters and nuclear waste storage facilities.[1] The vessel is the first of what Moscow hopes will be a series of Floating Nuclear Power Plants (FNPPs) stationed off coastal towns in Russia’s Far North and Far East. Russia’s rationale for the development of the project is the need to provide a sustainable and economical supply of energy to the country’s remote population centers. One such site, Vilyuchinsk in Kamchatka, will be the location of the first “proof of concept” FNPP, aimed at establishing the technical viability of the project. Moscow also hopes that FNPPs will create an opportunity for the development of offshore oil and gas fields in the Russian Arctic.
http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/russias-floating-nuclear-power-plants/
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Radioactivity and Pollution in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Region: Observations, Modeling and Simulations
2010
http://books.google.com/books?id=iLZEedlAucsC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=taz+river+pollution&source=bl&ots=0t6oqZnAb9&sig=xPa7LWAlEst9w09eL0H0_LmkRqE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9BshU4ahIsfd2QXK6YGQBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=taz%20river%20pollution&f=false
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UV Radiation and Arctic Ecosystems
2002
(Barents Sea radiation)
https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrErPQmgWYC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=barents+sea+radiation&source=bl&ots=eSrG6A_eK5&sig=_7Prt1pX_3qC4HkdiBu9jlvjvmQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HE4hU7PxBpTC2gX9mYFI&ved=0CF0Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=barents%20sea%20radiation&f=true
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Here’s how Russia’s Ukraine invasion is impacting the auto industry
March 02, 2022
The crisis in Ukraine has caused disruptions at some auto assembly plants and prompted companies to suspend shipments to Russia.
https://www.autonews.com/automakers-suppliers/heres-how-russias-ukraine-invasion-impacting-auto-industry
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How Putin’s Invasion is Changing Our World Forever
Mar 31, 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLyUeKa2jzY
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‘I am a proud Ukrainian’: Mila Kunis, Ashton Kutcher matching up to $3 million to help Ukrainian refugees
Mar 4, 2022
https://www.wkrg.com/national/i-am-a-proud-ukrainian-mila-kunis-ashton-kutcher-matching-up-to-3-million-to-help-ukrainian-refugees/
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Ashton Kutcher Debunked – The Ashton Kutcher Murder Investigations 2020 – (Film)
August 28th, 2020
https://archive.org/details/ashton-kutcher
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Environmental racism in Central and Eastern Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe
According to K. Harper et al., “in the case of Roma in CEE [Central and Eastern Europe], spaces inhabited by low-income Roma have come to be ‘racialized’ during the post-socialist era, intensifying patterns of environmental exclusion along ethnic lines”. Romani peoples have inhabited Central and Eastern Europe for six hundred years and have traditionally worked or been employed as agricultural day laborers, musicians, tinsmiths (tinkers), and blacksmiths. In the words of K. Harper et al.,
The interwar period and the post-socialist period, in their schema, were marked by downward mobility and increased spatial segregation of Roma communities in Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. It is in the context of these cycles that patterns of environmental exclusion have come into being. More than 50 years after the social dislocations of World War II and the communist regime change, poor Roma settlements throughout the region are located on the outskirts of villages, separated from the majority population by roads, railways or other barriers, and disconnected from water pipelines and sewage treatment.
In analyzing environmental marginalization of Romani communities in Romania, anthropologist Enikő Vincze writes that “Environmental racism functions at the intersection of polluting the natural milieu, and of marginalizing social categories inferiorized by racial identification.” Throughout Central and Eastern Europe, Romani people themselves are often treated as environmentally problematic subjects. Slovak authorities have been criticized by Romani rights activists over the alleged practice of “targeting Romani communities for forced evictions under the pretext of environmental law” by defining them as “waste dumps”.
In Central Europe, there have been documented cases within popular culture whereupon Romani populations are characterized as ecologically irresponsible. In Slovakia, the region near the transportation corridor between Prešov and Poprad is an important foraging area for Romani communities who collect mushrooms and berries during the summer for trade and direct consumption. The activity is particularly significant due to the poor living conditions of many Romani in the area, who frequently take part in the illegal harvesting of state and private agricultural lands. In 2006, a “popular magazine” published an article titled “Grasshoppers: While Roma from Tatra Region Make Money on Forests, Bears are Getting Hungry”. In the article, it was alleged that due to Romani foraging, Slovak bears could not find sufficient food to survive the winter. Similarly, K. Harper et al write that Romani people in Hungary are viewed by majority culture as a group that “lacks environmental awareness” while simultaneously being “dissociated from any timeless connections to land”:Contemporary environmental discourses tend to portray marginalized and indigenous people in either of two ways: as noble savages or as environmental profligates (Krech, 1999). Unlike indigenous people, however, the Roma in Hungary are not associated with a timeless, revered ‘environmental ethic’—perhaps because they were excluded from owning land (Csalog, 1994). In fact, the most destitute Roma have been chided for their short-sighted use of environmental resources: heating the house with forest wood and parts of the house itself (Ladányi and Szelényi, 2006 …), engaging in extremely hazardous scrap metal processing and allegedly overharvesting snowdrop flowers to sell in the city. While many observers acknowledge the structural inequalities and histories underlying Roma communities’ rural and post-industrial indigence, the fact remains that non-Roma widely see the Roma as a group that profoundly lacks environmental awareness.
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Putin’s claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented
February 25, 2022
https://theconversation.com/putins-claims-that-ukraine-is-committing-genocide-are-baseless-but-not-unprecedented-177511
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Ukraine war: Biden calls Putin ‘war criminal’ as Germany and France expel Russian diplomats after evidence of massacre in town of Bucha outside Kyiv
4 April 2022
https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-russian-soldiers-accused-of-carrying-out-genocide-in-bucha-as-zelenskyy-says-concentrated-evil-has-visited-our-land-12582123
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Russian soldier pleads guilty at Ukraine war crimes trial
May 18, 2022
https://www.news10.com/news/russian-soldier-pleads-guilty-at-ukraine-war-crimes-trial/
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Russia-Ukraine War: Zelenskyy calls Bucha killings ‘genocide’; Biden wants ‘war crimes trial’ against Putin
04 Apr 2022
Russia Ukraine War: On Monday, US President called Russian President Vladimir Putin a war criminal on Monday and urged holding a war crimes trial, as a global outcry mounted over civilian killings in the Ukrainian town of Bucha.
https://english.jagran.com/world/russiaukraine-war-zelenskyy-calls-bucha-killings-genocide-biden-wants-war-crimes-trial-against-putin-10041633
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‘This is genocide,’ Zelensky says of Russia’s attack on Ukraine
April 3, 2022
https://nypost.com/2022/04/03/this-is-genocide-zelensky-says-of-russia-attack-on-ukraine/
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Report: EU Intentionally Collapsing European Countries With Illegals
August 28, 2015
The ‘Kalergi Plan’ Started in the 70s
Illegal Muslim refugee trafficking is now creating chaos at the Greece-Macedonia border and the constant flood of boats arriving from Libya reveal a network that uses structured routes that seem unstoppable as they generate money for the mafia and the terrorist organizations involved like ISIS.
This scenario seems to fit perfectly with a secret plan of the New World Order known as the Coudenhove-Kalergi Plan that some people in European right-wing circles say was created for the systematic genocide of the people of Europe.
This plan was apparently devised by an Austrian diplomat and Freemason named Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi (1894- 1972). The Kalergi family roots can be traced back to Byzantine royalty via Venetian aristocracy. Coudenhove-Kalergi was actually the first proponent of a unified Europe back in the 1920s and for this reason Coudenhove-Kalergi is recognized as the founder of the first popular movement for a United Europe.
The Coudenhove-Kalergi European Prize is awarded every two years to European leaders who have excelled in promoting what is beyond any political or religious ideology. Angela Merkel and Herman Van Rompuy, two of the top pawns in the Bilderberg Club, have received this award in recent years.
Coudenhove-Kalergi’s father, initially an anti-semite, later became a close friend of Theodor Herzl, the founder of Zionism, but his son, Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, also has strong connections with the Catholic elite due to his aristocratic status.
In 1922, he co-founded the Pan-European Union (PEU) with Archduke Otto von Habsburg, a staunch Catholic who was the head of the Habsburg dynasty and former Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary. He became involved with the Pan-European Union after becoming Grand Master and Sovereign of the highly influential Order of the Golden Fleece in 1922. Otto became International President of the PEU in 1973, after Coudenhove’s death.
According to Coudenhove-Kalergi’s autobiography, at the beginning of 1924 through Baron Louis de Rothschild he was in contact with Max Warburg, who offered to finance his movement for the next 3 years giving him 60,000 gold marks.
The Coudenhove-Kalergi Plan becomes evident in 1925 when he writes in Practical Idealism (Praktischer Idealismus): “The man of the future will be of mixed race. Today’s races and classes will gradually disappear owing to the vanishing of space, time, and prejudice. The Eurasian-Negroid race of the future, similar in its appearance to the Ancient Egyptians, will replace the diversity of peoples with a diversity of individuals.”
This book is very hard to get a hold of today. In Germany the book is practically censored, although it isn’t present on the official list of books censored by the German government. In 1990, the publishing company, “Independent News,” [Unabhängige Nachrichten], published a summary of the book and contemplated printing it in it’s entirety, but the government initiated a police search of the premises and the only copy of Praktischer Idealismus was confiscated. The book is not mentioned on the official internet pages of the Pan-European Movement, which is understandable because its content is directly in opposition to the movement’s official program.
Coudenhove-Kalergi suggested Beethoven’s hymn as the EU’s national anthem and was very active in connection with the design of the EU logo which contains masonic symbols. He was initiated in Freemasonry in the Humanitas Lodge in Vienna in the early 1920’s but left in 1926 to avoid the heavy criticism which occurred as a result of the relationship between the Pan-European movement and Freemasonry. Some say later, in 1947, he founded the powerful Ur-Lodge Pan-Europa that is still active to this day and draws members from the political and economic elite.
Coudenhove-Kalergi’s ground work prepared the EU for what many Christian’s familiar with the prophecies of “The Book of Revelation” perceive as “The New Holy Roman Empire.”
The socialist elite of Europe born out of Coudenhove-Kalergi’s plan have created a United Europe backed by the Vatican under a centralized government, a system that actually will be the prototype for the US and the rest of the world when the New World Order is finalized.
In the meantime, tensions rise as the Muslim population is being pushed like never before towards Europe to fulfill “The Kalergi Plan.” This will create civil unrest and wars in most areas of southern Europe almost certainly by the 2020’s facilitating population reduction.
https://www.infowars.com/the-kalergi-plan/
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Muslims Tell Europe: “One Day All This Will Be Ours”
August 19, 2017
https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/10748/europe-muslims-demography
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The Real Reason Why Eastern Europe Wants No Refugees
September 28, 2017
Despite shrinking populations, Eastern European countries are worried that taking in refugees is socially disruptive while providing no benefit in closing the income gap with Western Europe.
https://www.theglobalist.com/eastern-europe-migration-refugees-gdp-eu/
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Eastern Europe welcomes some refugees, not others. Is it only racism?
March 24, 2022
https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/0324/Eastern-Europe-welcomes-some-refugees-not-others.-Is-it-only-racism
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Arab refugees see double standards in Europe’s embrace of Ukrainians
March 2, 2022
https://www.reuters.com/world/arab-refugees-see-double-standards-europes-embrace-ukrainians-2022-03-02/
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Timeline: Arab immigration into Europe
19 Dec 2017
Arab immigration into Europe – from the Umayyad Caliphate to Germany’s 2017 payouts to refugees volunteering to go home.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/19/timeline-arab-immigration-into-europe/
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Russia’s rise in conservative family values | Unreported World
Oct 4, 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpdkDZIkMbg
{The Russian government pays for more degenerates from Second World nations and Third World nations to have more kids in Russia, then attempts to call it conservative}.
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Ukrainians welcome in France, not Arab refugees: Presidential candidate Zemmour
Mar 14, 2022
https://www.thedailystar.net/world/europe/news/ukrainians-welcome-france-not-arab-refugees-presidential-candidate-zemmour-2982711
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Southeast Europe heat wave set to be among worst in decades
July 29, 2021
https://nypost.com/2021/07/29/southeast-europe-heat-wave-set-to-be-among-worst-in-decades/
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2021 Eurasia winter heatwave
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Eurasia_winter_heatwave
Across Europe and parts of Asia, unusually high-temperatures in the late-winter period were reported from February 20 until February 28, 2021. The onset of the short-lasting winter heat wave was caused by a jet stream of Saharan dust. Daily high temperatures for the period were similar to the maximum high temperatures during spring.
In the capitals of Germany and France, Berlin and Paris, high temperatures of 20 °C (68 °F) were reported. The capitals of the UK and Poland, London and Warsaw, had high temperatures around 18 °C (64 °F). Croatia saw its highest overall temperature of 26.4 °C (79.5 °F). The capital of China, Beijing, also experienced the highest overall winter temperature: 25.6 °C (78.1 °F).
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Southeast Europe heat wave set to be among worst in decades
July 29, 2021
https://phys.org/news/2021-07-southeast-europe-worst-decades.html
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Ferocious heat spreads out of North Africa into Southern Europe right now… And this is just the beginning of an atrocious heatwave!
Aug 10, 2021
https://strangesounds.org/2021/08/ferocious-heat-europe-atrocious-heatwave-europe.html
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Germany’s Groundwater Wells Are Running Dry Amid Climate Crisis
Aug 27, 2020
https://www.ecowatch.com/groundwater-wells-germany-run-dry-2647106696.html
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Poland could face ‘serious water crisis’ in coming years as rivers dry up
31 July 2019
https://kafkadesk.org/2019/07/31/poland-could-face-serious-water-crisis-in-coming-years-as-rivers-dry-up/
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Groundwater: depleting reserves must be protected around the world
March 21, 2022
https://theconversation.com/groundwater-depleting-reserves-must-be-protected-around-the-world-179620
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Millions of Groundwater Wells Could Run Dry
April 27, 2021
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/millions-of-groundwater-wells-could-run-dry/
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How groundwater overexploitation relates to social contracts
2022
The theme of this year’s United Nations World Water Day on 22 March is “Groundwater – Making the Invisible Visible”. With rivers becoming increasingly polluted or drying up more frequently, groundwater is presumed to be a secure source for domestic, industrial, energy-related and agricultural use. However, in the water-scarce Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, which is at the same time being severely impacted by climate change, this source is also at particular risk of running dry. The region has the world’s highest rates of groundwater use/overexploitation and is also experiencing rising levels of water pollution from sewage and salt water intrusion. Irrigated agriculture in particular poses an enormous risk to many of the region’s aquifers.
https://www.die-gdi.de/en/the-current-column/article/how-groundwater-overexploitation-relates-to-social-contracts/
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STOP the EU Migration Pact
https://www.saveurope.eu/
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Immigration is destroying Europe.
2015
https://www.debate.org/forums/politics/topic/76860/1/
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Tucker Carlson Is Absolutely Right: Illegal Immigration Is Destroying The Environment
December 21, 2018
https://thefederalist.com/2018/12/21/tucker-carlson-absolutely-right-illegal-immigration-destroying-environment/
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Over-immigration is destroying our environment – Zuckerman
Jan. 28, 2004
Nothing racist about it
Like it or not, over-immigration is destroying our environment, says Sierra Club board member BEN ZUCKERMAN
https://immigrationwatchcanada.org/background/research/immigration-and-the-environment/over-immigration-is-destroying-our-environment-zuckerman/
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How Immigration May Affect Environmental Stability
September 26, 2008
Some environmental groups are taking on the immigration issue
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/immigrations-effect-on-evironment/
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Why is Europe so overpopulated? Are European resources congruent with such a big population?
https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Europe-so-overpopulated-Are-European-resources-congruent-with-such-a-big-population?share=1
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Think your country is crowded? These maps reveal the truth about population density across Europe
January 23, 2018
https://theconversation.com/think-your-country-is-crowded-these-maps-reveal-the-truth-about-population-density-across-europe-90345
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What Is the Top 10 List of Overpopulated Countries?
April 13, 2020
The 10 most overpopulated countries are Singapore, Israel, Kuwait, South Korea, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Japan, Lebanon, Iraq and Belgium. This list is prepared keeping in mind the ability of each country to support itself in terms of its natural resources.
https://www.reference.com/world-view/top-10-list-overpopulated-countries-6d042dc639e921cd
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Overpopulation and the Impact on the Environment
2-2017
https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1906/
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Growing Global Overpopulation and Migration are Destabilizing our World
December 15, 2019
https://mahb.stanford.edu/library-item/growing-global-overpopulation-migration-destabilizing-world/
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Overpopulation by Immigration – The Cultural Assassination of Ireland
Mar 27, 2022
https://theirishsentinel.com/2022/03/27/overpopulation-by-immigration-the-cultural-assassination-of-ireland/
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Overpopulation And Immigration As Global Issues Causing The Community Change
https://edubirdie.com/examples/overpopulation-and-immigration-as-global-issues-causing-the-community-change/
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UN World Population Study Shows the Declining White “Race” is Less than 10% of the World’s 7.7 Billion Population [motivating racists to act Genocidally in a Perceived Survival Game w/Non-Whites]
2019
https://www.brown-watch.com/brownwatch-news/2019/7/5/un-world-population-study-shows-the-white-race-is-less-than-10-of-the-worlds-77-billion-population-amp-declining-causing-racists-to-act-genocidally-in-a-perceived-survival-game-wnon-whites
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{The world must put an end to wars that jeopardize the safety and well-being of the planet Earth.
We can currently see that many different nations continue to fight over natural resources.
The world faces many problems with overpopulation around the globe.
The scientific community has called for population control in many areas of the world.
Many fragile ecosystems in Europe and North America cannot continue to take in more illegal Third World immigrants & refugees.
Too many illegal and unlawful immigrants are now ignoring the requests of the scientific community to stop illegal immigration that continues to harm the planet. Many scientists have called to end illegal and unlawful immigration so that fragile ecosystems do not become overpopulated with too many people. The scientific community must stop these criminal illegal immigrants from trying to harm the environment, many of these illegal immigrants continue to not let the scientific community have the proper data to see how many people are in different areas of the planet. We are calling for the arrest of these illegal immigrants and groups breaking the law at once. We must arrest these government officials allowing this damage to be done to the environment with illegal immigration from Third World nations. We are now calling for the arrest of these government officials that continue to promote illegal immigration in America, Europe and other Western nations.
The Scientific community wants all non-white Third World refugees and groups removed out of Europe, America and all Western Nations. Arrest these groups at once and sterilize them. In order to solve this immigration crisis and overpopulation crisis, we should start reducing the population in the Third World areas in Africa. We should sterilize over 85% of the blacks in Africa, over 80% of the brown Arabs in the Middle East, over 75% of the population in Central and South America and over 80% of the Orientals in South East Asia to start with.
We want all non-white races removed out of the Western nations in Europe, we must declare these illegal groups as being defined as an invasive species that needs to be removed from Europe. These illegal immigrants continue to dry up the groundwater and cause too many problems in Europe. We must make Europe a white ethnostate. America, Canada, Australia, Europe, Ukraine and Russia should remain majority white areas. These nations should be working together and not fighting each other. It is not good to see some of the higher IQ countries trying to fight each other and kill off the better part of humanity. We are tired of seeing the more intelligent white nations killing each other in wars, this continues to happen while many Third World brown populations continue to overpopulate in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Central America and South America. This is why the scientific community is now calling to depopulate the blacks in Africa by over 85%.
This is about saving the better parts of humanity in order for the human race to thrive in the future.
We should not allow Western nations and white nations to continue to fight each other.
If anything many white nations should not be fighting each other, we should be getting rid of many Africans and expanding the white race in Africa, South America and the Middle East instead.
White nations need to stop fighting each other, white nations should be allying up to invade Africa to turn Africa into one giant white colony. We should also turn Central America, South America and the Middle East into white ethnostates.
The European Union Kalergi Plan must be abolished.
Look at how much the white race has declined in Europe and Russia over the years.
This is why we should have a new government for the people of Europe.
We cannot let the white race continue to decline under the European Union.
Our question to the Russian people is this.
Why is it that many of the Russian people still support and try to vote in Communist officials into office in Russia. You are sending a bad message to the world, you continue to vote in the Party that supported Mao and Pol Pot with the Killing Fields. It seems that the Communists continue to degrade our society by trying to genocide off white areas such as Germany in World War II, and all of the Communist uprisings we see in Europe, North America, South America, Central America, Cuba and Africa. When I see any type of Communist or Antifa style protest, it just sends a message that these people are associated with the Cambodian Killing Fields. This is why the scientific community should be calling for the arrest and prosecution of many Communist officials, especially in Europe, China, North Korea and Cambodia. We must prosecute the Communists for their war crimes carried out in World War II against the German people. We should stop these Communist officials from trying to genocide off the white race in Europe and other Western nations with violent Antifa style riots to destabilize the West.
We are tired of also looking at many of these non-white looking Russian soldiers trying to invade the better parts of Europe. We need to stop a lot of these degenerates in Russia from trying to undermine many white areas of the world. Europe and Russia should not fight. We need to depopulate many of these Third World groups and make Africa, the Middle East, Central America and South America all white ethnostates and white colonies for the future of humanity to thrive and survive. We should spread out the white population around the globe and reduce the rest of the non-white population by over 85%.
I also feel that it would not be wise to hand over European land to Russian Communists, especially if the Communist Party in Russia were to be re-elected. What other areas of land might the Russian Communist Party want to gain control of in the future.
We must prosecute the Communists for the War Crimes and atrocities against the German people after World War II.
The Communist Party of Russia should be abolished for their war crimes and should not be allowed to gain power over nuclear weapons.
Putin was a KGB agent and a member of the Communist Party. We see a decline of the white race when the Communist Party takes over a political area. We can see a decline in the white Race while Putin has been in power. We see thousands of whites dying in a war where both sides of the conflict are mainly white people fighting each other. White people should be the future race and for passing down their genetics, we should not be killing more white people. Putting politics aside, we believe that the white race should be the future race. Ukraine and Russia should remain white countries and white ethnostates. Does Putin have the best interests of the white Russian people, including other white people of Europe and around the world.
Our first question to the people of Ukraine is this.
Zelensky was a corrupt politician and a criminal with the mafia before the Ukraine War in 2022. What kind of message does it send to the rest of the world if the people of Ukraine are going to vote in these corrupt politicians in power that should have never even been elected in the first place. The people of Ukraine should be ashamed for allowing a politician such as Zelensky to take power. Ukraine is one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Even if my media agency ordered the people of Ukraine to take Zelensky out of power, even without this war, they would most likely refuse and possibly even re-elect Zelensky and disregard my media agency.
Why should we trust the people of Ukraine to continue to vote in these corrupt politicians that harm the environment and let this corruption continue at the rate it is going. It just seems that the people of Ukraine cannot be trusted with the environment, Ukraine is considered one of the most corrupt countries even before the war in 2022.
The people of Ukraine voted in a Zionist such as Zelensky that wants to hand Ukraine over to Israel. We knew that Zelensky would eventually betray the people of Ukraine and slit their throats, and this is exactly what happened to the people of Ukraine, many have still not learned from their mistakes and will continue to pay the price as long as you let Zelensky in office. Even now the people of Ukraine will disregard our media agency and continue to allow these corrupt politicians to gain more power and control over Europe. The people of Ukraine have lost a lot of credibility by voting in Zelensky, you are not much better than an Angela Merkel voter. It seems that Zelensky would just be another Angela Merkel type politician, it seems that we would see more illegal Third World immigrants migrating to Ukraine illegally with Zelensky in power. Zelensky will continue to undermine the security of the people of Europe with illegal Third World immigrants migrating to Ukraine. Zelensky was not responsible with Third World immigration in Ukraine and should be removed out of office for many dozens of reasons.
Our second question to the people of Ukraine is this.
We want to know when you can remove the Israeli Zelensky out of power in Ukraine before he gains too much political power. Zelensky is a degenerate and should have never been elected to political office in Ukraine. Zelensky is gaining too much power and now also wants nuclear weapons, Zelensky is a political Zionist in control of Ukraine that wants to make a Khazarian Empire in Ukraine. Could Ukraine turn into a Khazarian Empire with nuclear weapons and the next big superpower with Israel as an ally? We want answers from the people of Ukraine and why they are trying to vote to make Ukraine a Khazarian state and have nuclear weapons. We should not allow Ukraine to become a Khazarian state. The people of Ukraine have no business in voting in a political Zionist such as Zelensky in office to Ukraine. We want answers from the people of Ukraine, a lot of these political mafia politicians such as Zelensky are very bad for the environment. We want to know from the people of Ukraine on who the next Israeli Zionist they are going to vote in for their leader of Ukraine. The people of Ukraine need to be more careful on which politicians to vote for, many of these Ukrainian voters obviously should not be trusted and will continue to vote in these corrupt politicians to bring down Europe from within. Regardless of the war, we would want to remove a corrupt politician such as Zelensky out of power as soon as possible. Our media agency has proven to the people that Zelensky is corrupt. Our media agency would like to know when the people of Ukraine can remove him out of political office. The people of Ukraine should be shamed for voting for a corrupt politician such as Zelensky in the first place, and that we now see how this would be a recipe for disaster. I am not sure what the people of Ukraine expected from voting in an Israeli political Zionist as its new leader. Soon after we can see a planned war and the death of many white Ukrainians in return for trying to help establish a New Khazarian Order in Ukraine. We already had a chosen race of white Germanic and Nordic Western European Christian people in Europe that practice the Old Testament. The Western white European people were the true chosen race. We should not be replacing the chosen European people with a lesser race or group of people from the Middle East who are just degenerative Arabs and blacks with ghost DNA. Many of these Arabs and Blacks claim to be of a chosen lineage when they simply were not of a chosen lineage. This is why we are willing to phase-out many of these low IQ Third World refugees and blacks so that the better part of chosen white humanity can survive as the future race}.
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King Solomon’s Temple Investigation Marathon – Legend
7/21/2019
https://solomonstempleinvestigation.blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – Russia
December 2nd, 2015
Pollutionscience101Russia.blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – China
October 6th, 2015
Pollutionscience101China.blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – Israel (Fate of the Middle East) –
8/9/2019https://pollutionscience101israel.blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – Iran
September 20, 2020
https://pollutionscience101iran.blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – Egypt
6/1/2020
https://pollutionscience101egypt.blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – Cuba
May 7th, 2021
https://Pollutionscience101Cuba.blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – Mexico – Faults of Mexico
5/1/2019
https://pollutionscience101mexico.blogspot.com/
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Pollution Science 101 – Cancer Investigated (California)
Jan/7/15
Pollutionscience101cancerinvestigated.blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – Texas Industry Pollution Investigated ( Texas vs BP Oil)
Feb/2/15
Pollutionscience101texasvsbpoil.blogspot.com/
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Energy Science 101 – ( Pollution Science 101 )
August 23rd, 2016
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Pollution Science 101 – Solutions
August 23rd, 2016
Pollutionscience101solutions.blogspot.com/
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Laguna Beach Government corruption: Investigative report 1/16/2017. (Asbestos contamination & our waterways in Orange County).
January 16th, 2017
Lagunabeachcorruption.blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – India – Ecological Collapse
10/9/2017
PollutionScience101india.Blogspot.com
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Uranium Trade 101 – India & Pakistan ( Pollution Science 101- India )
10/9/2017
UraniumTrade101india.Blogspot.com
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Pollution Science 101 – Brazil – Emergency Report
1/7/2020
https://pollutionscience101brazil.blogspot.com
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Race Dysgenics Brazil | Eugenics in Brazil
1/8/2020
https://eugenicsbrazil.blogspot.com
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The Cephalic Investigation – Race Eugenics & Dysgenics (Skull Evolution & The History of the Lineage of Man)
4/10/2020
https://skullevolution.blogspot.com
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Eugenics 101 (Dysgenics 101) – Genetics, Race, Science, Eugenics & Dysgenics
October 15th, 2020
https://eugenics101.blogspot.com
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Race Dysgenics: Evolution, Dysgenic De-evolution, Eugenics & Genetic Modification – The History of the Lineage of Man
3/5/2019
https://racedysgenics.blogspot.com
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The Dysgenics Investigation – Race, Science & the Human Genome Project – The Eugenics Investigation (Akoniti)
04/19/2018
DysgenicsInvestigation.blogspot.com
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Genetically Modified Vaccines Investigated – The Eugenics Investigation (MonsantoInvestigation.com)
8/15/2017
GMOvaccinesinvestigated.blogspot.com
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Genetically Modified Humans & Viruses – The Eugenics Investigation
July 7th, 2017
GMOhumansandviruses.blogspot.com
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The DuPont investigation
Feb/18/14
http://dupontinvestigation.blogspot.com
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Coronavirus Investigation News – Race Virus 201 – Pollution Science 101 (COVID-19 & SARS-CoV-2)
2022
https://coronavirusinvestigation.blogspot.com
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PollutionScience@Protonmail.com
Pollution Science 101 
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